UNIVERSITY OF SAN DIEGO
San Diego
Many Brushes:
Elbridge Ayer Burbank,
Painter of Indian Portraits
A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction
of the requirements for the degree
Master of Arts in History
by
Susan Marie Sullivan
Committee in charge:
Professor Raymond S. Brandes, Chairman
Professor Iris W. Engstrand
Professor James R. Moriarty, III
1983
Re-edited, corrections made, and published to the Internet
- with permission and approval of the author -
by Mark L. Sadler
December 2004
Author's Period of Grace Request
No part of this manuscript may be used without the express permission of the University of San Diego and myself for a period of 3 years from the date of degree.
Date 5/15/1983 signed Susan M. Sullivan
Copyright 1983 Susan Marie Sullivan
The thesis of Susan Marie Sullivan is approved:
signed James R. Moriarty, III
signed Iris W. Engstrand
signed S. Brandes
Committee Chairman
University of San Diego
Alcala Park, San Diego
1983
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: THE WESTERN APPRENTICESHIP
Chapter II: EDUCATING THE ARTIST: EUROPE
Chapter III: LIFE AMONG THE APACHE
Chapter IV: BACK WITH THE PLAINS INDIANS
Chapter V: PAINTING THE NAVAJO AND THE HOPI
Chapter VI: LODGING WITH THE SIOUX, CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO
Chapter VII: I AM AGAIN AMONG THE INDIANS
CHAPTER VIII: THE WANDERING YEARS
ILLUSTRATIONS
THE "TRAVELING OFFICE" from, SMALLEY' S MAGAZINE
CHIEF NAICHE, APACHE
HAGONE, KIOWA
CHIEF GERONIMO, APACHE AT FORT SILL, OKLAHOMA
GI-AUM-E HON-A-ME-TAH, KIOWA AT FORT SILL, OKLAHOMA
RED WJMAN, A SOUTHERN CHEYENNE, 1899
HUSH-LOW, A PALOUSE, 1898
CHIEF JOSEPH, NEX PERCES, 1897
CHIEF RED CLOUD, SIOUX, 1899
TAJOLE BIJUIE, NAVAHO, 1910
HASTIN-GAHA-BITZI, NAVAHO, 1910
CHIEF MANY HORSES, NAVAHO, 1907
TON-TI-TAH, NAVAHO, 1907
YA-OTZA BEG-AY, NAVAHO, 1907
LEAVING HOME FOR THE CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL, 1912
INTERIOR OF THE HUBBELL TRADING POST AT GANADO
POLE-LEE, HOPI AT SICHUMOVI, POLACCA, 1904
KO-PE-LEY, HOPI, 1898
ZY-YOU-WAH, HOPI, 1898
SI-YOU-WEE-TEH-ZE-SAH, ZUNI
CHIEF STINKING BEAR, PINE RIDGE
SHIELD, A SIOUX, PINE RIDGE, 1899
STANDING SOLDIER, A SIOUX, 1899
HOLDS THE ENEMY, A CROW
BURBANK'S STUDIO, 2522 WEST 94TH STREET, Los Angeles, 1983
THE HOTEL MANX, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, 1983
THE CALIFORNIA REDWOODS, CIRCA 1934
January 27, 1949 was a windy but sunny Thursday afternoon in San Francisco, California. Ninety year old Elbridge Ayer Burbank, perhaps the most famous of all painters of American Indian portraits looked up to the third floor of the Manx Hotel on Powell and O'Farrell Streets and waived to his friend Nellie Huff[1]. Burbank's striking face with square jaw singled him out as a man of force, yet he was always gentle, tactful and diplomatic. It was 2:30 p.m. when the elderly gentleman, whose life had been a mixture of adventure, professional success and personal tragedy, ambled onto the cobblestone street where he was struck down by the Powell Street cable car[2].
After being carried back to his room in the sparse employee quarters of the Manx Hotel where he had lived the previous eighteen years, Nellie and others anxiously attended him. Mrs. Seth Dixon, a resident at the Hotel who had always cheered him up with homemade meals, served him a chicken dinner[3]. With both hips broken and extensive damage to his frail body, Burbank's excruciating pain forced those concerned about him to have him transferred to San Francisco General Hospital where he could have care. Within six weeks he was moved to the Laguna Honda Hospital in San Francisco where he lived only one day before dying on Monday evening, March 21, 1949[4].
Burbank's estate was meager, just $38.00 in a Wells Fargo bank account, but there were no debts[5]. At the San Francisco coroner's office his body lay unclaimed. Newspaper articles briefly chronicled the artist's death, pointing out that unless any relatives came forth, the county would bury Burbank as a pauper[6]. Before long, Santa Rosa police had contacted a distant relative by marriage, Mrs. Luther Burbank[7]. With the combined efforts of Mrs. Burbank and Dr. Joseph Catton of San Francisco who was a friend of the artist, arrangements were made with Halsted's Mortuary on Sutter Street[8].
The hotel manager at the Manx Hotel let the public administrator Phil Katz into Burbank's 8 x 12 foot room. The contents reflected the frugality which had marked Burbank's later years. The sole adornment on the paint splattered walls was a reproduction of the artist's portrait of Abraham Lincoln, the original of which hung in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Other belongings included a small iron bed, battered chest of drawers which contained false teeth, a paint box and palette, canvas stool and a few toilet articles and clothing. The easel held an unfinished drawing of an Indian girl; various paintings were stacked in a corner. Katz ordered the contents of the room thrown out, indicating its worthlessness except for the sentimental value[9].
On Friday, March 26, at 1:00 p.m., nearly 50 people gathered at the Halsted Chapel to pay tribute to Burbank. In attendance were fellow artists, Mr. Herbert Hamlin, who was editor of The Pony Express as well as a good friend, Mrs. Luther Burbank, Dr. Joseph Catton, and Benny Bufano, the former Art Commissioner of San Francisco[10]. Several New York artists, who had known Burbank from his early days as a student in Munich, Germany, sent orchids by plane.[11] Podesta and Baldocchi, local florists, provided a scarf of spring flowers and roses for the grey casket with silver handles.
The Reverend John Collins of St. Peter's Episcopal Church spoke of "this beloved soul that gave of his genius so unstintingly in the service of others. A solitary print of Burbank's portrait of Lincoln hung hauntingly above the casket while the organ music played and friends paid their final respects[12].
The remains of Burbank were cremated following the funeral services and the ashes were interred at Mount Olivet Memorial Park in San Francisco[13]. Four months later, those ashes were returned to the state of his birth, Illinois[14].
The services had befitted the man of forgotten fame whose life had spanned nearly a century. Burbank's work would remain forever as the most significant painted record of the American Indian. Few other painters during the nineteenth century had either the ability or the opportunity to capture on canvas the expressions and character of the American Indian during that era of their history. Death had finally stilled the hand of that artistic genius.
The town of Harvard, Illinois, is located on the main line of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway at an altitude of 908 feet. Incorporated on February 26, 1867, it is a village of 4,500 people managed by a mayor and council. The number of residents has changed little during the past century. It still occupies its original acreage in the lake region of McHenry County, just east of Boone County, and near the Wisconsin state line.[15]
Over a century ago, on August 10, 1858, Elbridge Ayer Burbank was born into this Illinois environment. The first child of Abner Jewett Burbank (born in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1834) and Annie Ayer Burbank (born in Kenosha, WI in 1839), he was the grandson of Elbridge Gerry Ayer, founder of Harvard and a member of two distinguished Massachusetts families who traced their lineage from the earliest years of this nation.[16]
Abner Burbank had married Annie on January 08, 1858 and soon after their marriage they moved to Harvard where he worked as a station agent for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company. Within a few years their eldest son Elbridge had a brother Henry Clay, and a sister Lillian M.[17]
Illinois is the French form of Iliniwek, standing for the name of the Confederacy of Algonquian Indians who formerly inhabited the region.[18] Illinois had become a territory in 1809 and a state in 1817. Under Presidents James Monroe and John Quincy Adams, American Indian policy had gained momentum and by the time of Andrew Jackson, tribe after tribe had lost lands through treaties or been removed beyond the Mississippi River. The Kickapoo Indians in north central Illinois, the Sac and Fox in western Illinois, and other tribes made treaties in the early and mid 1820's virtually without freedom of choice. During the same decade, the discovery of rich lead deposits on the western border of Illinois and Wisconsin brought a rush of miners and farmers into the regions.
In 1824, the federal government established the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the War Department, since that agency was deemed best to deal with "foreign nations."[19] By 1832, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, a position of singular importance was created, and in 1849 the Bureau of Indian Affairs was transferred to the Department of the Interior. While the motion of creating these agencies and activity took place, and the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 intended to control trade, the Indian - White Man relationship paled, and the frontier life remained perilous. While Harvard stood only 63 miles from Chicago, the town still lay on the edge of the frontier and within Indian Territory.
The Sac and Fox had originally hunted buffalo, wore painted robes like the Plains Indians, but were agriculturists like their eastern neighbors. In the summer of 1831, white settlers moved into the region in droves. Chief Black Hawk refused to move his people, but the federal government made the decision for them and moved the Sac and Fox across the Mississippi River.[20] When they balked and returned to their homeland in the spring of 1832, the Black Hawk War took place. In a series of tragic events the chief was taken prisoner, many of his tribe died, while the rest were exiled across the River into the wilderness.[21] Moved out of watered, well-timbered country which had plentiful game, into regions which were flat and without trees, and into a climate not conducive to their well-being, these people virtually vanished. Missionaries flooded the fields in competition for converts. Friction arose between civilians and the military. The Indians, devastated by the process of removal and later in the 1870's by incarceration on reservations, lost certain cultural traits.
The early white settlers and miners in Illinois were soon followed by farmers with livestock and money. Then came the young men of education who sought their fortunes in land and trade, numbering among them the Ayer and Burbank families. Less fortunate were the church groups such as the Mormons who found themselves subjected to forced moves and prejudices in much the same unwelcome fashion as had the Indians.[22]
In the years leading up to the American Civil War, Illinois was as deeply split over the slavery question as the Union, with sentiment for abolition concentrated in northern Illinois and pro-slavery sentiment in the southern part of the State. When war finally came, southern Illinois stayed with the Union cause. In the very year of Elbridge Ayer Burbank's birth, Abraham Lincoln debated Stephen A. Douglas throughout the state for the United States Senate seat. Both had carried the slavery question to each Illinois congressional district in a series of debates. While Douglas won the senatorial election in 1858, Lincoln would win national fame and, two years later, the Presidency of the United States.
This was the environment of the Burbanks: countryside whose people still felt the wounds of the American-Indian conflicts, a place where many knew the pain of religious prejudice, and a land where everyone had grave concern over the question of slavery. None of Elbridge's family could have known, however, that Elbridge Ayer Burbank, the first born son of Abner and Annie Ayer Burbank would reflect the events of these times in his work and that he would become interested first in painting portraits of American Negroes, and later become one of the nation's premier painters of the American Indian.[23]
Following a period of education in this country and in Europe, Burbank attracted attention with his work in New York and Chicago. Exhibitions in both cities produced awards and acclaim from his peers. Burbank, who was on the verge of becoming a commercial artist, was approached by an uncle, Edward Everett Ayer, who had an idea of how Burbank's talent could profit both of them.
Known as a capitalist, Ayer, a native of Wisconsin, had extensive lumber interests in the South and West, and with ample capital built one of the finest private libraries in the United States.[24] He had become the first President of the Field Columbian Museum and a universally recognized authority on Indian lore. He exhaustively collected books, original pictures, drawings and studies, as well as blankets and Indian objects representative of American Indians. He would one day donate the entire holdings to the Newberry Library in Chicago.
Although by 1880, much of the West had passed through the frontier "clamor for blood" stage, and people began to develop a more humanitarian interest in the Red Man. The government was urged by strong supporters of the Indian peace movement to confine the Indian in an Indian territory, and to establish a comparable area in the north.
But the frontier was often set aflame through attacks on settlements and mining camps. In the summer of 1876, Custer's forces had been annihilated at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, and the Ghost Dance movement occurred in the early 1890's.[25] Geronimo and his warriors, called the bravest fighters of this era did not in fact give up their struggle, but allowed themselves to be taken in order to save their people in 1886-1887.[26]
Edward Everett Ayer, knowing well the reputation his nephew had attained through his artistic endeavors, turned Elbridge Ayer Burbank to the direction of the American Indian in 1895, with a Commission to paint Geronimo, the Apache chieftain who had been captured and placed in custody at Fort Sill, Oklahoma only a few short years earlier.[27]
Geronimo would meet this kindly man who brought his palette and brushes before him with a request to put the warrior's face on a piece of board. Encouraged by his several wives to do so, Geronimo would be responsible for launching the career of one of the finest painters of the American Indian ever produced by the American West.
Certainly in the Turnerian tradition of history, the man born to the frontier is influenced by the geography, his environment and the events of his time. If so, Burbank left no such written hints, but what is certain is that he left a remarkable visual record of the American Indian whom he came to know and respect. The subjects he painted ranged from mighty Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce to unknown Hopi children. His contribution is that he believed the American Indian worthy of recording and had the ability and talent to do so. Because of his efforts, the Indians he painted can be forever remembered.
MANY BRUSHES:
ELBRIDGE AYER BURBANK,
PAINTER OF INDIAN PORTRAITS
[Note: The source photo-copy of this chapter contains mis-numbered footnotes in the body of the text - 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, and then 6,7, again, then 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17, (no 18) ,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29 - while the footnotes at chapter end are numbered 1-29. They will be verified and corrected.]
In 1836, Abner Burbank brought his family from Lowell, Massachusetts, and Elbridge Ayer moved his people from Haverhill, Massachusetts to Illinois.[28] A pioneering spirit, sparked by energy and drive, and desire to take up life on a new frontier, where the government had given them land, had motivated then to move that distance. They went by water from Albany to Buffalo. Their worldly goods were freighted on the Erie Canal, towed along by horses and mules. Again by water over Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan they ventured, finally reaching their destination on a summer day in 1836, at a place that would one day be named Kenosha, Wisconsin.
These two dynamic frontiersmen gave every signal of action in their new environment. Both Burbank and Ayer helped to organize the Wisconsin Territory, they assisted in the election of a delegate to Washington, all the while clearing timber lands to make room for planting. In the midst of all these responsibilities, they fought the Sac and Fox Indians to keep the land they had received. 3
Here they care to settle in the very year that McHenry County was separated from Cook County by an act of the state legislature. 4 Elbridge Gerry Ayer came to be regarded as the founder of Harvard or Harvard Junction. He was born in Haverhill, Essex County, Massachusetts, a direct descendent of John Ayer who had settled in Salisbury, Massachusetts in 1640. 5 Elbridge's father, Samuel Ayer, was a flannel manufacturer, and his mother Polly Chase bore eight children of whom Elbridge Ayer was the sixth and the youngest son born on July 25, 1813. 6 He went to Albany at the age of 20, and married Mary Titcomb of Salem, New Hampshire, moving on to Kenosha, Wisconsin and working in the mercantile business. In January 1856, he bought 400 acres of land and in the spring of 1856 laid out the town of Harvard, Wisconsin. Within several years he bought a restaurant and hotel. By 1883, he was superintendent of the eating house of the Union Pacific Railroad. His second daughter Annie married Abner Jewett Burbank, a station master on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad at Harvard, and one of his sons E. E. Ayer married Emma Burbank on September 7, 1865. 6
Elbridge Ayer Burbank's father was Abner Jewett Burbank a native of Lowell, Massachusetts who in 1856 married Annie Ayer also of Massachusetts. Abner's family moved to Harvard, McHenry County, Illinois, where he would live the rest of his life working as a station agent for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company. 7 Elbridge Gerry Ayer's daughter Annie had married Abner Burbank with the blessing of the elder Ayer. It was the first marriage in the new town of Harvard. 8
Abner and Annie had three children, Elbridge born on August 10, 1858; Henry C. , born in 1860 and Lillian M. born in 1865. "Lilly" married F. W. Young of Muskohee, Oklahoma. All were born in the town-site of Harvard. The Burbanks, like the Ayers, were prolific and as Elbridge Ayer Burbank would find, he had numerous relatives who would find their niches in various professions. Among them, was Luther Burbank, who was one of fifteen children. He was a scientist for whom fame would come because of his work with plants and flowers. He had as many as ten thousand separate and distinct experiments going on at one time. 9
In discussing his youth, Elbridge Ayer Burbank said that his earliest memories were of the American Civil War and wounded soldiers on their way to Wisconsin and Minnesota. Union soldiers were welcomed in Harvard, and his grandfather, a Republican, always opened up his store and hotel to them. 10 Elbridge remembered that the elder Ayer had welcomed and been courteous to every Union soldier, especially those arriving on trains. Elbridge understood the role his grandfather played during the War in helping Union soldiers who had been wounded and had passed through Harvard. The old man would be rewarded by those soldiers years later on his golden wedding anniversary in 1885, when some 5,000 soldiers who had been helped by the Ayers gave money as a remembrance of help they had received from the now very old man. 11
In these eras of the Civil War and Reconstruction, Elbridge Burbank witnessed the sacrifices of his family. As he watched soldiers, and as he observed the numerous people traveling west, he drew sketches of the various activities. His mother and father, aware of his interest in art, gave him the needed tools with which to draw and paint.
At a very early age, Burbank had acquired a fascination for drawing. He carried his paper, pencil and slateboard everywhere. When each school day ended he wanted to draw the Indians he had seen. Within a few years those people had been moved westward, so he instead sketched buildings, towns, and streets. All of these subjects gave him an opportunity to work at details.
Shortly, after the war had ended, Grandpa Ayer and his son, Edward, made a trip to the West because the old man wanted to see the frontier. When they were somewhere beyond the Mississippi, Robert Todd Lincoln, then Secretary of War, who knew of the trip, and had been friends with Ayer, asked the Army to retrieve the two men, extricate than from any possible harm, and return them to the Santa Fe Railroad. Escorted by a party of fourteen soldiers, the Ayers were given any aid they needed to get hone. No one had forgotten the help the elder Ayer had given Union soldiers during the late war. 12
Whatever had impelled Burbank, now a 16 year old lad, to take up art is not known. He simply liked to draw, and by the time he had reached his late teens he was already an art student receiving his first training in the Academy of Art Design (later the Chicago Art Institute). 13
When he went to the Art School in Chicago, Mr. Leonard W. Volk, a great sculptor, was president of the school. Volk received a telegram from Washington, D.C. that Lincoln had been assassinated, and that he should come to Washington immediately - to make a death mask of Lincoln's face and hands. Volk brought the two masks back to Chicago and asked Burbank to make a drawing of both of them. That act would help to enhance Burbank's career more than 60 years later. 14
Elbridge began his studies in 1874 in Chicago at the Institute, where such artists as the German H. W. Hansen and others would study. His teachers were Emil Carlson and later Felix Regamy, the noted French draftsman. He kept in constant contact with his grandfather and sent him examples of his drawings, paintings and sketches. By 1880, Elbridge Ayer Burbank had moved to St. Paul, Minnesota where he set up a studio to paint and sketch in order to earn a living.[29]
Burbank would in time suffer a mental breakdown. The causes, even as later diagnosed by psychiatrists would be unclear. Nonetheless, throughout his life he manifested sensitive attitudes and feelings towards his work and in his relationships with others. These traits can best be understood as his career developed. His caring nature towards others and what other people felt about him and his work constantly concerned him.
From St. Paul, he wrote that he had missed seeing his family in Harvard on a recent visit and asked his sister if she would just tell him what they thought and felt about him. He said, "There is a streak of feeling somewhere that I cannot understand, nor could I when I was last there. Tell me please and then I will tell you all I know about it." 16 On November 4, 1880, at 22 years of age, Burbank found someone who was sensitive to his needs. Seventeen year old Alice Blanche Wheeler, who was called "The Belle of Rockford," of Winnebago County, Illinois, and was the daughter of Homer E. Wheeler and Mary A. David, married Burbank. 17
Newly married, and a great distance from the home he visited infrequently, Burbank and his new wife set up the artist's first studio. The thought frequently crossed his mind that he would have to earn money to support a wife and a possible family, but he was pursuing the efforts he enjoyed most.
Fatefully, Eugene V. Smalley, who was editor of The Northwest Illustrated Monthly, walked into Burbank's studio. Smalley had connections with Henry Villard who was building the Northern Pacific Railroad.[30] Villard (1835-1900), the Bavarian immigrant and newspaper correspondent during the American Civil War had, by the late seventies, gained financial control of the Oregon Steamship Company and the Oregon Central Railroad, which was a virtual monopoly of the transportation in the Pacific Northwest. He looked to the east toward the Northern Pacific, organized some New York investors who subscribed almost 8 million dollars to buy control of the Northern Pacific, and appointed himself President.[31]
As the construction vigorously continued on both the main and side branches of the railroad, Villard used some 25,000 construction workers, more than half of then of Chinese ancestry. West of Helena, Montana on September 8, 1883, the final rails were hammered in place in the presence of President Chester A. Arthur, General Ulysses S. Grant and other persons of importance.[32]
Smalley had convinced Villard that Burbank could be the publicity vehicle for his railroad. He inquired as to what could be more fitting that a budding artist who would live the rough life on the Western frontier? Villard needed to advertise his railroad to potential investors, and to those who had already invested in the Oregon Central Railroad and the Oregon Steamship Company. The multi-faceted Villard had known the German Bond holders in Europe, and had handled their business affairs in Oregon. His constant personal supervision of his interests also protected the investor's interests. An opportunist, he held a number of monopolies in the Pacific Northwest. This led to the building of the Northern Pacific Railway west of Bismark, North Dakota, all the way to Portland, Oregon. This line opened on September 8, 1883, thereby connecting Wisconsin with the farthest reaches of the West.
Burbank had never gone beyond the Minnesota borders; he wanted to see the West. Villard needed the best artist he could afford to sketch his company towns along the rail line. Smalley took advantage of the opportunity to fill the pages of his Northwest Magazine with Burbank's sketches of towns and villages. Elbridge, delighted to use his talents and skills, took advantage of the opportunity.[33]
Villard's railroad ran from Ashland, Wisconsin to Portland, Oregon; the magnate wanted every hamlet sketched for advertisements to attract travelers and settlers. In 1883, Smalley started his Northwest Review in Minneapolis, but in 1885, moved it to St. Paul, and changed the name to the Northwest Illustrated Monthly.[34] In that year, Elbridge, for the first time, was seriously recognized as an artist. His work appeared on the printed pages, much to the delight and surprise of Easterners who had never seen the West.
Smalley afforded Burbank the opportunity to discover the frontier. The travels took Burbank from town to town sketching the scenes that eventually appeared in the magazine. Smalley took the artist off the railroad lines to towns which he thought would be of interest to readers. There they saw cowpunchers. Smalley hired various means of transportation to get them to their destination. Together they endured wagon breakdowns, snow, blizzards, hurricanes, and every conceivable element that nature could provide.
Villard gave them a private car - the Palace Car, but the two frontier bushers often slept in barns, shacks and haystacks as much for the atmosphere as for the convenience.[35]
Across the prairie and into Montana the two men trekked, with the artist sketching all the railroad and cow towns including Mandan, North Dakota, Bozeman and Butte, Montana, and into Seattle, Washington. Burbank learned to sketch dozens of scenes with rapidity. His eyes caught every detail as the train moved westward. His work was sent back east by Smalley to his younger brother, who wrote for the Chicago Tribune. The paper was also a Villard holding. The newspaper carried stories and tales from the west to mid-westerners who eagerly awaited each story and the accompanying sketches.
Burbank made his second trip west in 1886, noting that "Spokane was then only a town of 4,000, and it didn't take any longer to paint it in water colors than a couple of drunks to paint it red."[36]
Sketch of the "Traveling Office" as it appeared in Smalley's Magazine, (later the Northwest Quarterly) 1885.
Onward the Palace Car moved, always impatient for the engine whistle to signal the venture forward. The two men delighted in exploring the backwoods by buckboard, horseback, or by Shank's Mare.
Into the Coulee country they drove a wagon and for the first time Elbridge Ayer Burbank met an Indian Chief named Moses.[37] Burbank wondered how the Indian got his name and he wondered the same about Chief Joseph. Although he did not sketch the two leaders then, the memory of the men would haunt him for many years.
Each month 10,000 copies of the Northwest Illustrated Monthly were shipped to European cities. Villard knew how to get people out to the frontier. Burbank had helped stimulate that expectation for life in a new land, and he received $100.00 for each drawing.[38] People of all economic backgrounds marveled at his work and delighted in the sketches of vacant lands, and the possibility for unlimited opportunity.
Burbank painted whatever he could. Before returning east he had drawn pictures of Echo Flour and Spokane Falls. Fifty-seven years later, he reminisced over the scenes of the roaring waterfall. Burbank later lamented that he hadn't taken advantage of the chance to buy cheap land in the State of Washington. He saw the Dakota territory during a terrible drought year, and during the worst winter in the history of the West which destroyed cattle by the thousands. The dead bodies of the animals piled up along fences out in the plains snowdrifts horrified Burbank.[39]
By the fall of 1886, Burbank headed back to St. Paul since his work had ended with Smalley, Villard and the Northern Pacific. Burbank had seen the worst that nature was capable of dispensing in the form of cold, crop failures, and death on the frontier. Burbank's last job before embarking on a new adventure was in St. Paul, to paint the unloading of coal barges for the Northern Pacific in Duluth, Minnesota; a signal of the cold weather ahead.[40]
1
Sedgley, Genealogy..., p 287.
2
History of McHenry County, Illinois, together with Sketches of Its Cities, Villages and Towns, Educational, Religious, Civil, Military and Political History, Portraits of Prominent Persons and Biographies of Representative Citizens (Chicago: Interstate Publishing Company, 1885), pp 451-452.
3
Lowell Albert Nye, ed., McHenry County Illinois 1832-1968 (Woodstock: McHenry County Board of Supervisors, 1969).
4
Ibid.
5
History of McHenry County..., p. 452
6
Ibid.
7
History of McHenry County..., p. 452.
8
Ibid.
9
Sedgley, Genealogy.. , p. 287;
10
The Pony Express, March 1966, p. 4.
11
Ibid.; The Pony Express Courier, November, 1942, pp. 3-5.
12
James F Carr, Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculpture and Engravers (New York: James F. Carr, 1965), p. 49.
13
The Pony Express, March 1966, p. 5.
14
Manuscript materials in the Burbank Collection of the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, California; Manuscript materials in the Burbank Collection of the Holt-Atherton Pacific Center for Western Studies at the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California.
15
Emil Carlsen, a painter, was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 19, 1853. He died on January 4, 1931. He was awarded a number of prizes and medals and was a member of The National Institute of Arts and letters.
Felix Elie Regamy was born in Paris, France in 1844, and died in Juan-les-pins, France in 1907. He was an artist-illustrator, engraver and painter of portraits. He became a "Special Artist" in 1871, and was commissioned to do illustrations for Harper's Weekly and Monde Illustre. He worked in the United States from 1874-1876, and did drawings of the Shoshone and Sioux Indians. See Construction Moderne, Vol. 22 (May 1906), p. 304.
16
Ibid.
17
The Pony Express, December 1942, p. 4.
18
Ibid.
19
Sedgley, Genealogy ..., p. 287.
20
The Pony Express, March 1966, pp. 5-6. Other issues of this newspaper carried various stories of the artist as he relayed information to the editor, Herbert Hamlin.
Burbank stopped at Harvard briefly in late 1886. Throughout his 90 years, even though he had a deep affection for his family, his few trips home were always brief and unannounced. Already in his early thirties, Elbridge told his family that he had illusions during his life of becoming a master painter.[41] To accomplish that he would have to study under the great painters of Germany and Bavaria. The entire family supported his hopes and bid him and Blanche farewell as they watched the train take the couple to Chicago and on to New York.
The Burbanks sailed on the Fulda for Bremen, and then to the place the artist believed to be Europe's cultural center -- Munich. Once there Burbank unexpectedly found himself among a group of American students. Here in foreign surroundings, Elbridge and Blanche began to make new friends; Joseph Greenbaum, Isadore Lando, and Toby Rosenthal, all of Jewish descent and from San Francisco.[42]
These four men became fast friends. Rosenthal was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1848 and educated there and in San Francisco. He studied painting in those cities and then became a student at the Royal Academie of Munich from 1865 to 1872. He taught a number of classes over the years in painting and composition; his paintings were chiefly figural compositions and genre work.[43] Rosenthal taught Burbank how to use purple and grey paint as shadows in the faces of portraits. This proved to be useful later as Burbank painted the Indians. Burbank's style and draftsmanship improved dramatically as soon as his European schooling began.
Rosenthal had a tremendous bearing on the direction in which Burbank would move with his talents. Late in his life when back in San Francisco, Burbank spoke of these three painters as great artists whom the city should memorialize.[44]
Munich in this era had a population of a half million people. Burbank traveled extensively and absorbed the culture and countryside when he wasn't in school. He walked the ancient streets viewing and drawing many of the architectural jewels of nearly all periods of history. There the frontiersman saw what had previously been a text-book experience for him. One of these sketches in the Southwest Museum is titled: "A tower and old ruins in Bavaria which France tried to destroy during the Franco-Prussian war in 1872." All of this served to motivate him to perfect his trade, to learn more to draw, to paint, and to yearn for more challenges.
Burbank varied his skills moving from pencil to brush painting in oils or water colors. His major professor was Paul Nauen who urged him to use every opportunity to paint and who never allowed him to ease up on the perfection of his skills. Everyday, every season, Sundays and holidays included, Nauen forced his students to work and make the most of their time.[45] Burbank felt at home. After all, he had experienced that lifestyle on the American frontier.
Burbank improved his style noticeably, but did not become a slavish imitator of the German masters. He visited museums, art galleries and traveled to other parts of Europe to see the lands of the masters. He relied heavily on Toby Rosenthal for advice. Rosenthal had won a Medal of Honor at the World's centennial Fair in Philadelphia in 1876; later in life Burbank would still regard Toby as the greatest artist in Munich.[46] Burbank also had the highest regard for William R. Leigh who would become one of the outstanding artists of Western America. Leigh painted beautiful scenes and became famous for painting animals in action. Burbank's decision to study in Munich was a wise choice. The experience had afforded him an opportunity to develop friendships and artistic ability. Both experiences greatly enhanced his work.[47]
Burbank remembered the impact of the influence of the American West in 1887, when Buffalo Bill and his Wild West show arrived in Munich to parade and perform as a circus for the entire region for a period of three weeks. Europeans then, as today, were highly impressed with these leather-jacketed westerners and the Sioux Indians who accompanied them.[48] To Europeans the whole experience of the American frontier held wonder. They heard exciting reports from relatives who had gone out on the great frontier; this whetted their appetites for seeing the "real people." Burbank also knew of the interest of Joseph Henry Sharp and John Francis "Val" Millet who like himself would later paint portraits of American Indians and the frontier.[49]
The camaraderie of these artists meant quality time together, walking miles into the Bavarian Hills, experiencing the culture and flavor of the countryside. While there they painted pictures of old Inns, hares and taverns. Some saw the Passion Play at Oberamergau and walked down Ludwigstrasse and Maximillianstrase.[50]
Burbank made friends in Munich with a number of the greatest artists of his time including Franz V. Defreger and "Val" Millet.[51] Then in the fall of 1887 Elbridge heard of the death of his grand-father Elbridge Gerry Ayer in Harvard. Ayer had hoped to see the day when Burbank would be back in the Old West painting for posterity what would one day be just a memory. Into this situation stepped Burbank's uncle Edward Everett Ayer, whose military career had been sensational.[52] Uncle Ed Ayer had lived in San Francisco, enlisted in the Union army in Tucson, Arizona, and for a time served in southern Arizona as a corporal out of Forts Buchanan and Crittenden, protecting the Cerro Colorado Mine, Arivaca and settlers in the Santa Cruz Valley against marauding Apaches.[53]
As Burbank told the stories he had heard from Uncle Ed in earlier days to his classmates, Toby Rosenthal vowed that he would rather have painted the Indians than have fought them. Burbank thought maybe that was not such a bad idea, knowing full well that Geronimo had just recently given himself over to the U.S. Army.[54]
While in Southern Arizona, Uncle Ed guarded the Cerra Colorado Mine, owned by Colonel Samuel P. Heintzelman and Samuel Colt. He found by accident a building in which Colt had been living although Colt himself was out traveling in the Apache country convincing the military to use his weapons. Among the books he found were William Hickling Prescott's Conquest of Mexico (in three volumes) which Ayer read and from those learned how the Indians had been conquered in Mexico by the Spaniards. In time Ayer would amass a fortune; he gathered treasures for a number of museums and libraries including the Newberry Library which would became the recipient of much of his private collection.[55]
Ayer read Samuel Colt's books over and over again. Colt had created the image of Ned Buntline in literature amid the blood and thunder of the Western epic. Buntline, who used Colt's pistols, gave them to Wild Bill Hickock, Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson and Buffalo Bill, who had paraded the streets of Munich.
[Note: There is no reference # 16 and the year 1893 is out of sequence here.]
From Munich, in March 1890, Elbridge wrote to his family, and thanked them for sending the local newspapers.[57] Burbank had done a pastel of Blanche which she sent home. She worried constantly about the cyclones in the states; reading of them weeks later when American papers finally reached Europe. By July she said they had seen the Passion Play but that she and Elbridge were having a "tuff time", with scarcely enough money on which to live. They had written relatives asking to borrow money, but expecting to pay interest. They offered to sell a piano because they desperately needed the money.[58] Friends in Europe had told them to go to London to seek employment and then to return to Munich. They alternately laughed and cried over their plight but agreed to weather the storm.
Blanche wrote that Elbridge worried so much he couldn't work. When he had so much on his mind and because he was a worrier, his head troubled him and he felt perfectly wretched. But "El" had painted a few pictures which they sold and the money paid for the trip to see the Passion Play. By October 1890, however, they had gone to Cardiff, Wales where they had social connections which made them feel at home and at least somewhat stable. Burbank moved by himself for a year to London where he rental a studio for $15.00 a month.[59] He and his wife then lived together in Cardiff at the home of her mother's first cousin Lord Pontyprydd, an elderly bachelor. While there, Burbank did a portrait of the man which hung gallantly in the prestigious Glamorganshire Club, in Glamorganshire, Wales.[60]
Burbank fixed up a studio behind the cousin's house which had two rather small rooms. They were cozy and afforded Burbank the privacy he needed to do his work and the time he needed to be alone. Elbridge painted portraits of half a dozen members of his wife's family and seemed content, but the Burbanks were always anxious to return to the United States. Their hope was for a settled life which would certainly become a reality with just a few good commissions. The fact that Burbank was commissioned to do portraits caused them to be treated royally on the estate where they lived, but the yearning to return to America was going to triumph.
About this time, Edward Everett Ayer had been collecting, gathering, and preserving the records of the North American Indian whom he had come to respect and admire.[61] The fondness Uncle Ed had for his nephew Elbridge, which was mutual, developed because of the closeness of the family. That their lives would come together in a project of mutual interest had not yet been realized. In the spring of 1892, Elbridge and Blanche had to break away from their European friends. Some of them would always be just a memory as they never returned to Europe.[62]
They left Cardiff on their way home and returned to Harvard for a brief visit and then went to see Ed Ayer at Lake Geneva, just across the state line in Wisconsin.[63] When Uncle Ed saw some of Elbridge's work he instinctively conceived of a plan that would allow him to perfect his portrait talents. He would go among the Indians to paint their chiefs before they all died.
But, Elbridge had other ideas, and was determined to try his skills at painting Negroes in their native places and at southern Civil War battle locations. As a youngster he had heard tales of those battles and ventured off to see the historic battlefields of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The war, still very fresh on the minds of Americans had concerned him. Stephen Foster's songs, which told of plantations and Negroes, were familiar to him, brought on a desire to paint the countryside and the people so closely associated with the land.[64]
He preferred to paint Negroes, he told a reporter, because they wanted him to paint what he saw, not like "white folks" who wanted him to change them to fit what the artist thought they should look like.[65] Burbank said he wanted to paint whatever he did with preciseness -- exactly as it was. In time he would want that for his Indian subjects.
In downtown Chicago, Burbank opened a studio in the Athenium Building and there chanced to display his artistic skills by a showing of his portraits of men and women. He was adjudged by his peers to be best at this style of small figures on canvasses. In his studio in the Athenium Building he still continued his favorite depiction of local Negroes in oil portraits. These small paintings, some only 2 inches on mahogany panels, became his hallmark.[66]
Charles Francis Browne would several years later say that for some time Burbank was engaged in painting Negroes, and no exhibition was completed without at least a half-dozen. They were very carefully painted, awakened much interest in art lovers and fortunately, art patrons, but they did puzzle the hanging committees. "It was not a question of too much Burbank, but too much Negro and black frame -- possibly the 'sold' tag made a black-and-white exhibition that created some jealousies."[67]
When the World's Fair opened in 1893, the Chicago Society of Artists held an exhibition juried by outstanding men. The first prize went to Elbridge Ayer Burbank for his "Favorite Pastime" which showed a young Negro playing a banjo. The Yerkes first prize led to Burbank becoming a celebrity. He was able to exhibit his works in Paris, at the St. Louis World's Fair and the Chicago Art Institute. The Chicago Graphic carried his picture and titled it, "well known local artist," and soon he was admitted to membership of the Chicago Society of Artists.[68]
After the Yerkes prize, his services were in great demand among the elite who all wanted private settings for portraits. Burbank did not want to be bothered with the "high society" even for the money and continued with what had been developing over the years - a solitary existence. Rave notices of his work though, brought demand for exhibits. He longed for a return to the nostalgia of his old school, the Chicago Art Institute, where he had won the Wickersham Award in the 1870's, but the World's Columbian Exposition had changed the landscape so dramatically that he couldn't even find his old school.[69]
In 1894 the National Academy of Design advertised Burbank's work, mentioning that he was a pupil of Rosenthal and Nauen. Burbank received $75.00 for "The Skull" and $200.00 for his painting "Idle Moments." A chance meeting occurred at this time that would enhance his career. Various stories relate to how he met a Negro lad. One story suggests that on an afternoon in 1895, he saw the lad pick up a red rose from the sidewalk on Michigan Avenue. Burbank asked the boy to his studio where he showed the boy the portraits he had finished and asked the lad to sit with the rose pressed to his face.[70]
"American Beauty" became one of the best known works of art in this time and Burbank sold the work to the Toledo Lithograph Company who in turn sold over one million prints in six months at 20 cents each. The Winters Company of Chicago held the copyright and produced the print in 8 x 11 inch size in the Chicago Chronicle Supplement, Sunday, August 11, 1895. Burbank received but $50.00 for the painting that brought millions to the copyright owners.[71]
Later as Burbank strolled along Michigan Avenue he happened to see the boy again. Willie, ragged and hungry, was wearing what remained of a pair of shoes. Burbank knew instinctively the potential for a unique painting and bargained with the boy. The next day Willie was asked to sit in a hand-carved 300-year-old chair that Burbank had bought in a Bavarian village and shipped to the United States.
Burbank put a huge slice of watermelon in his hands and the child was told that when the job was done it was his. Downstairs the boy ran after the sitting to share one piece of his reward with an older brother and one to a younger brother. On ensuing days the artist gave Willie a dozen oysters which he quickly took to his friends on his favorite comer. Gradually his playmates became curious asking "What's he gonna paint next?"
One day Willie said, "He's going to paint mince pie," without having ever seen such a pie. Willie ate half of it for lunch. Each day thereafter Willie would eat a whole pie. When he tired of pies, and when watermelon season arrived, he feasted as never before when he sat for pictures.[72]
Willie Trimbles became a hero; his shoe shine business picked up since many people came to visit the new celebrity. Later the Santa Fe Railroad Company gave Willie a porter's job. He and Burbank remained lifelong friends.[73] Interestingly, neither Trimble nor Burbank became wealthy as a result of the paintings. Burbank always received a flat fee. His painting sense did not insure his business sense and he never negotiated royalties or future profits. While Burbank may have gained fame, he lacked marketing abilities or the insight to insure a secure future.
The Monthly Illustrated for the third quarter of 1895, published by Harry C. Jones, detailed Burbank's study of a man tipping his favorite wine from a cobwebbed bottle, was published and regarded by the critics as a faithful study. Again Burbank's work was recognized. His popularity and a newly acquired public following demanded Burbank set up an even newer studio decorated with family heirlooms from Harvard that would enhance the image of the budding artist. Every convenience available was at Burbank's reach.[74]
Thurber's Art Galleries at 210 Wabash Avenue in Chicago sponsored the first annual Burbank exhibit. The practical experience with the railroads, the education in Munich under master painters, and the experience in Chicago of doing portraits and small genre pictures were the combination which led Elbridge Ayer Burbank into the next adventure of his life. He was encouraged by the interest in his talents of his uncle, Edward Everett Ayer.
Burbank stayed in Chicago until March 1897. He received much acclaim through exhibits including one at the Academy of Design.[75] He was part of the social scene, attended many social functions, but seemed to be restless. He began to recall his travels to the Indian villages and his meeting with Indians like Chief Joseph and Moses. Burbank's uncle Edward Everett Ayer, by now a civic leader and philanthropist in Chicago, had already collected Indian artifacts and given most of his books and collections to the Newberry Library in Chicago.[76]
Ayer was able to encourage Burbank because he had seen the work of the Indian portrait painters of an earlier Period -- Karl Bodmer and George Catlin, and admired their style.[77] Ayer had served in the late war with Thomas Keams, a trader to the Navajos. He had later come to know Lorenzo Hubbell, another Navajo trader, and nearly every trader in the southwest. Ayer had received pottery, blankets, rugs, bonnets -- a variety of artifacts which added to his already extensive collection. But Ayer wanted portraits of contemporary Indians; he wanted to enhance the artifact collections with paintings.
Ayer had known much about Geronimo the Apache warrior, because he had served in southern Arizona and had perhaps even fought against those who had come in contact with the wily Indian leader.
He was obsessed with the idea of getting Geronimo's portrait and spoke to Burbank about going to Fort Sill, Oklahoma where Geronimo was being held with his tribe.[78] Ayer had been totally happy with what he regarded as an impressive portrait of himself in an armchair shown sitting with a look of nonchalance. At his feet was a bright red Indian cushion and he was surrounded by his extensive collection of Americana. This portrait had been done by Burbank[79] and the success of it gave Ayer every confidence that Burbank was the one to satisfy his quest for the Indian portraits.
Image: Chief Naiche, Apache Naiche, or Nachez was one of the sons of Cochise, a famous chieftain
Image: HAWGONE, KIOWA An Indian artist--
The timing was right. Burbank, disenchanted with Chicago, the banquets, the music, the 'white folks,' and their giddy ways, wanted to leave. He had never felt the same since his trip among the Indians in the early 1880's. When Ayer commissioned Burbank to see Geronimo, Burbank's wife Blanche did not want him to go.[80] While his love for her caused him to hold off on his plans for a time, he still wanted to go. He could not take her among the natives because of possible treachery and she preferred a more civilized life. Finally, he could resist the urge no longer. His studio, which was decorated with a most extraordinary number of picturesque objects brought from Munich, had become one of the show places for the entertainment of out-of-town visitors. When Burbank left, Blanche dutifully boxed all of his relics and furnishings in the Chicago Studio, packed his paintings and drawings, and watched her husband take the train off into the West.[81]
At Kansas City, the first stop on the journey, Burbank ran into "Val" Millet who had begun to achieve recognition as a Western artist. Burbank pressured Millet to go with him, but Millet could not bring himself to leave the work he was doing there. Burbank moved on to Rush Spring where the Rock Island Railroad ended. There he took a Concord Stage Coach for his destination.[82]
Image: Chief Geronimo, Apache, at Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory.
Burbank was to go to Fort Sill where Geronimo was a prisoner of war with his tribe. He wanted the experience and his Uncle Ed wanted the portrait. But, the thought of heading out to the Big Horn country in Montana, where Custer and his command had been annihilated by the Sioux in 1876 was always in the back of his mind. He decided, however, that the time was not right to do what he personally desired and so he arrived at Fort Sill to get the painting done.
At Fort Sill, Captain Hugh L. Scott and his wife met him and gave him permission to paint any Indians who wished to have their paintings done.[83] Burbank, toting his brush and easel, walked three miles to the Chief's home. Geronimo's wife spoke no English but pointed toward sore distant hills. Burbank's first glimpse of Geronimo came when he saw the 68 year old fighter chasing his wild horses. Burbank soon learned that Geronimo loved horses and they loved him.
Geronimo and his Chiricahua Apaches had lived in the Dragon Mountains of Southern Arizona. He, Cochise and Mangas Coloradas had been the dominant leaders of the last Indian warriors in the American Southwest.[84] Geronimo stood five feet five inches tall, on bowed legs: but was built like a bull. Burbank also saw that he had black piercing eyes. More than one writer had described the wrinkled and tanned chief tan as ready to return to the war path. He was not liked by many people because he was quite bold, and he asked Burbank for money constantly. Each time a trader appeared Geronimo asked Burbank for dollars to buy something. As Burbank painted this Apache, he developed the talent of painting with minute detail facial features which reflect a rare sympathy. Burbank studied the man intently, painting every wrinkle in the face of the old chief down to the mole on his cheek. Because of this faithfulness to detail, these portraits would become a graphic record of tribal life. By concentrating on facial expressions, the artist had time to get to know the old warrior.
The two men treated each other cautiously and with respect. Geronimo asked Burbank about Chicago, and he spoke of the lakes, the tall buildings, and the railroads.[85] They negotiated over what Geronimo wanted for having his picture painted and settled on $5.00. This kind of haggling did not deter the men from becoming fast friends as the Apache posed. Burbank eventually painted seven portraits of the chief. From time-to-time Geronimo conned Burbank into buying items for his house: a chair, a sack of grain; whatever he could think of that he needed. Geronimo taught Burbank how to do a massage and before Burbank became aware of what was happening, Geronimo had Burbank massaging his back.[86]
They spoke through an interpreter to reach an agreement that Geronimo would allow himself to be painted in color by the artist. While Burbank painted, Geronimo's wife and 5 year old daughter watched; Geronimo was extremely fond of both. The work began in the early morning hours each day. At the conclusion of the painting sessions Geronimo patted the artist on the back and said, "You heap big chief," meaning he had high respect for his artistic skills. 13
However brief his visit, Burbank learned a little Comanche and Kiowa sign language. In the process he met a beautiful Kiowa girl and asked her to sit for a portrait for $2.00. That beauty was Gi-aum-e- Hon-o-me-tah, said to be the belle of the Kiowas. She wore a beautiful elk tooth dress. The teeth were sewed on buckskins and beautiful beadwork done by her mother adorned the dress. Her mother was a celebrated beadworker there and made all of her clothes. Gi-aum-e had painted her cheeks up to her eyes, and just over her eyes was red paint. When she came to visit she always brought another squaw. Gi-aum-e could read and was well educated. She spoke good English with a sweet voice and always appeared to be very happy. A close friend of hers whom she said she loved very much would sing Indian songs all day long while she sat for her portrait and had even written many of the songs herself. At every 4th of July celebration, Gi-aum-e would appear on horseback with her horse gaily decorated in Indian fashion. She was always richly dressed in her Indian clothes with a bright red parasol in her hand. Burbank wrote that she acted more like a white girl than an Indian. Her father and second father were influential and noted chiefs. In all, Burbank painted four portraits of Gi-aum-e. At first she sat patiently for the portraits, but towards the end trouble brewed because she was so independent and decided she would only sit for Burbank at her convenience. Burbank's paintings of her were superb. The Chicago Colortype Company gave Burbank $200.00 for them. In ten years the company sold 11 million of this lithograph at 50 cents each, which meant they took in nearly 5.5 million on a $200.00 painting.[87]
Image: Gi-aum-e Hon-o-me-tah, a Kiowa was done at Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory. This was reproduced by the Chicago Colortype Company.
Ton-had-dle-ICO was the next model, the friend who had accompanied Gi-aum-e. "I would paint one in the forenoon," he said, "and the other in the afternoon so both would be present all day."[88] Ton-had-dle-ico was not as good looking as her friend but was a pleasant girl who spoke a little English. She wore a beautiful elks tooth dress sewed onto buckskin which was trimmed with beads and horse tailor mane of a yellowish color. The buckskin was also colored red, yellow, and green. Her face was painted yellow all over, and her cheeks painted reddish the same as Gi-aum-e. Her dress was completed with fine moccasins. She sat with patience while Burbank painted three portraits of her. To assist him in painting the bodies of the Indian since their attention span was so brief, Burbank ordered mannequins from Chicago which frightened the Indians, but they soon dressed the figures, painted them, and fixed them up with feathers. Gi-aum-e began to love and admire Burbank. He had a special fondness for her partly because she was lame (2004 note: Ton-had-dle-ICO was lame). His kind and gentle ways had meant a lot to her and their friendship endured for many years.[89]
Next came Gi-aum-e's uncle Hawgone, whom the artist described as "an old bachelor, a great big finely built fellow and the finest artist I have met among all the tribes. He does beautiful headwork, makes the war bonnets and is kind and reliable." Burbank collected a number of Hawgone's paintings, most of which went to Edward Everett Ayer. Hawgone admired Burbank as an artist, for he too, was one. Burbank advised and taught the artist; eventually some of his works, were displayed. "He would sit, as a Kiowa, tall and powerfully built, and watch me day after day as I worked," Burbank said, "studying my technique. I taught him all I could about painting and upon my return to Chicago, sent him a full set of water colors." He loved to dabble with his paints and was an attentive student. His work showed marked improvement after my lessons. Some of his pictures were reproduced and others were accepted by the Newberry Library in Chicago.[90]
Then Burbank met the "Christian" Naiche who was a son of Cochise. Burbank said that he was tall, good-looking and some recognized him as the finest Indian artist of that period. He painted his pictures in color on deer skin. His subjects were flowers, deer, other wild animals, turkey and various objects of nature as he saw them. He also carved canes from wood and painted them in different colors. Burbank painted Naiche next, remarking how he had been with Geronimo on his raids against U. S. and Mexico settlements. Naiche, Burbank said, "is the hereditary chief." They set a time to meet and Naiche arrived promptly just when he said he would. He spoke a little English. Burbank decided that he was very polished for an Indian, a fine looking fellow. Naiche dressed up as Geronimo had done, but had his hair cut short which Burbank considered a disadvantage. All the other portraits showed the Indians with longer hair. Overall he was one of the best subjects Burbank had because of his patience in sitting for long periods of time.
Burbank could not get Naiche to put on paint; he wanted to paint the war chief when he was wearing a dance bonnet such as the Apache wear, but Naiche refused, saying that it was such strong medicine that if he put it on his head, his head would swell up to twice its natural size. Burbank would only get two portraits of him.[91]
Next, Burbank persuaded Chief Mangas, one of the sons of Mangas Coloradas and Chewawa (Chihuahua, also a notorious fighter) to pose in their picturesque clothing.[92] Burbank kept a scrapbook with assorted pictures of his subjects so that the Indians could look at the artist's finished product.
On occasions Burbank would leave his quarters and return to find the room full of Indians staring at the pictures over and over again. Geronimo kept Burbank's scrapbook for a time, looking at the pictures of the San Carlos Apache whom he had known as a boy, but had not seen for many years.
When they had to part Geronimo said,
I like Burbank better than any white man I have ever known. He has never lied to me and has always been kind to me and my family.[93]
Before long Geronimo would die in Oklahoma his daughter Ewa had died before him. While riding his horse in the rain, he contracted pneumonia. While still conscious he asked for his horse to be bridled, saddled and the reins put in his hands. When Geronimo died the horse was shot so that the old Chief would have a mount to ride in the country beyond.[94]
As he compared Geronimo and Naiche, Burbank found them to be opposites. Naiche was tall and slim: Geronimo short and thick set. Naiche had a "much kinder face than Geronimo, and was liked by all whites and Indians at Fort Sill."[95]
Burbank continued painting. His next work was of a Comanche boy named Chasequah who sat on a buckskin in a beautiful costume, his face painted like that of a squaw with ornaments on his head. Chasequah was very unreliable, appearing sometimes three hours late for his sitting. Burbank thought he was lazy because he did not like to sit at all. Chasequah said that it tired him and that he would rather ride around on his horse. He wouldn't allow Burbank to paint his hands and would never tell why, so Burbank found another Indian to pose for the hands. Burbank thought Chasequah was an odd fellow because he asked Burbank to make some medicine so that when he took it out to the squaws they would fall in love with him. His father was a chief named Lone White Wolf. Chasequah loved Gi-aum-e but the affection was never returned because she loved E-i-tie, son of a Kiowa.
Bone-tah then became a sitter for Burbank. This Comanche was tall and the idol of the reservation. Bone-tah borrowed an elaborate Comanche costume from the doctor at the reservation. Bone-tah loved to dress up, but there was one obstacle to wearing this particular costume - it had been worn by a dead man. The original owner died while wearing it. Burbank knew that every man had his price and Bone-tah charged him $3.50 per day instead of the usual $1.00. Burbank would eventually do three portraits of him: one full length showing him in full Indian costume with buckskin suit dyed yellow and green and trimmed with beads. Bone-tah was far more reliable than Chasequah and was a good model.[96]
Image: Red Woman, a Southern Cheyenne, 1899
Burbank pointed out that the Indian artists who drew and painted portraits never showed any wrinkles in their clothing; everything was shown flat and smooth. This was a major objection the Indians had to Burbank's paintings -- he showed the wrinkles, and sometimes as they were being painted and there was a wrinkle on the clothing they would reach out and either smooth the clothes or ask Burbank to paint out the wrinkle.
Tan-quanale-tch, a Kiowa, became the next model. Burbank painted one full length portrait of him in a buckskin costume trimmed with beads and fringe. His face was painted yellow and his hair was braided and wrapped round with fur. Burbank regarded Tan-quanale-tch as an ugly fellow but as a good sitter who spoke some English. Tan-quanale-tch was surprised to hear that there were many more white people in some of the large cities than all the Indians put together. For an Indian he had been a good farmer, raising crops. He had a son whom he named Farny Tan-goa-dle-teh after H. L. Farny the artist.[97]
Before he readied to leave the reservation, Burbank managed to paint Chato, the Chiricahua Apache whom he had dressed in an Army Scout's uniform. Years before Chato had had a band of his own, and was still very much feared although now he was an industrious farmer. Burbank also captured in portrait E-Ney, Scak-e-al, O-kus-ah-yeah-ya and Chief Loco, another warrior of reknown.
Finally, it came time to leave Fort Sill. As the Rock Island train rolled into Chicago, Burbank felt elated that he had brought home the paintings, but the most prized possessions were the paintings of Geronimo. Uncle Ed, in equally high spirits, gave Burbank $200.00 to cover the expenses for the long trip. Edward Ayer yelled, "Goy-acht-la, I have him." That name -- Geronimo, in Apache, meant "one who yawns."[98]
A round of social affairs ensued in Burbank's behalf. Burbank seemed pleased that the exhibits brought him such praise and recognition. But when the initial high vanished, he tired of Chicago and felt a haunting call to go to the Western Indians. "Custer, the Big Horn River and the Dakotas could no longer wait for him," he told his friends, and after such a short visit to Chicago he boarded the Northern Pacific train.[99] The Northern Pacific Railroad had reached Bismarck, Dakota Territory in 1878. Bismarck, a frontier town, was the outfitting point for overland stage and freight lines going north and west. One of the earliest artists who went to Fort Yates was William Allen Rogers, sent there by Harper Brothers publishers in 1878.
Burbank went to San Carlos, Arizona to make pictures of Chief Santos, Chil-chu-ana, Chiquito and Bi-lish along with several women. San Carlos was situated in a dry, dusty valley near Globe, Arizona a mining town. The reservation was covered with mesquite and cactus. Earlier the government had brought together many Apaches to inhabit this land. At the reservation, which is spread across much of the low mountain desert east of Globe, he was able to get several women to pose for him.[100]
Burbank was fortunate in getting to the Apache at San Carlos. The Indians, except for some located around the old trading post, were spread out for miles. He painted a portrait of Tal-lla whom he called courteous and kindhearted and one of Chil-chu-ana, "a big fat jolly chief who with his red blanket draped over his shoulders would have passed well as a monk." Chil-chu-ana had been the last of his tribe to surrender to the U. S. Army.
Burbank also was able to sketch Na-goze-de-tah a medicine man, Chief Antonio, Chief Chiquito, Chief Tal-klai a kind hearted and well liked man, Nad-kah, a U.S. scout, Has-kin-es-tal, Chief Es-nin-nas-pas of San Carlos who was blind, and who had also been ferocious. Almost as rapidly as Burbank came into the reservation he left going by horse and buggy to Globe and then onward by train.
As the train wheels clicked off the miles, Burbank's mind wandered back to his last visit to the Sioux country in 1886.
At Bismarck, North Dakota, he took a stagecoach for Fort Yates a hundred miles down the Missouri River where he met the Indian agent Fred Server.
Server knew as much as anyone about Indians, specific tribes, leaders and where they were living.
Server had been one of the first men to arrive at the scene of Custer's massacre after the news reached outsiders.[101] Server knew that some of the Cheyenne were at the Rose Bud Agency in South Dakota and that some Ogalalla Sioux were at Pine Ridge under their leader Chief Red Cloud. He told Burbank that the Hunkpapa were at Fort Yates and Standing Rock. There were also the Crow, he reminded Burbank, whose reservation included the Little Big Horn battlefield, although they were disliked and mistrusted by the other tribes.
Burbank wanted to see Sitting Bull, who he had visited in the 1880's, but Server told him the chief had been killed in December 1890. Burbank went out then and painted a picture of his grave.[102] Elbridge knew that he could have some problems because every writer in the country had been out among the Indians. How would he fare in getting any of them to sit for portraits? Server told Burbank to show Chief Rain-In-The-Face the photo of the painting of Geronimo. All the Indians admired the Apache - so Rain- In-The-Face gave his approval, all the Indian tribes in that part of the country would talk about the Custer battle, which to date they would not discuss.
Server also told Burbank that General Alfred H. Terry, who had command of the entire forces, went to the battlefield after the fight and then wired Washington asking what he should do with the war bonnets left behind by the Indians. Told to burn than up, he did, but Server kept one, and sent it to the Smithsonian Institution.[103]
In later times the Indians were to honor and revere Burbank. They thought that he was a White Father Medicine Man since he could put their likenesses on canvas. They told him because of their affection for him a great many of the details related to Custer that they had held inside for many years. Because of this trust, Burbank was able to paint Curley the Crow Scout who had escaped from the battle early, and Rain-In-The-Face who had been shot and tomahawked, but who lived for years and for a time was a policeman at Fort Yates.[104]
Burbank's success throughout his career among the Indians was because he treated them as friends, painted than as they were, and gave them credit for manliness. Burbank was more than perceptive; he was intuitive and knew the Indians would lose their tribal characteristics. Even as he painted the Indians, the traders were bringing clothes, blankets, cook stoves and plows from the East which would change the Indians' lifestyle.
At Fort Yates Burbank found the Indians somewhat civilized. Very few wore any Indian clothing, but at Pine Ridge he would find the Sioux just the opposite. He watched the Crow Indian war dance which lasted four days at Pine Ridge. Five hundred Indians, nearly all of then naked except for breech cloths had their bodies painted all over with different colors. He painted one in costume, but had some trouble painting the Crow for some would not sit for him. They had seen one of his paintings in an unfinished state. He told them it was not finished because the Indian would not finish sitting. Many of the Indians were suspicious of him because they had heard that Burbank had taken a picture East and thrown poison on the face of the Indian painting, and that 1,000 miles away on the reservation, the Indian dropped dead the minute the poison touched the canvas. Burbank explained he only took the paintings East and sold them to people who liked them.[105]
Burbank's itinerary at this point is sketchy. His letters in mid-June note that he had arrived at Fort Yates and from there he went to Rock Creek and the Crow Agency 400 miles by wagon to Bismarck, North Dakota. He wrote, "... 8 miles from where Sitting Bull was killed... and there I painted Rain-In-The-Face and his squaw Red Hawk... rather pretty..." He had taken the Northern Pacific railroad to Billings, Montana and then went to the Crow Agency.[106]
Burbank left Ditch Camp for St. Xavier by stage 18 miles away where he met a dirty little squaw named Duck Child who allowed him to paint her portrait.
She wore her hair loose hung over her shoulder and she had a beautiful green blanket. Her cheeks were painted red; her blind mother was present, while she sat and I asked her how long her mother had been blind, and for an answer she cried...[107]
Burbank's next portrait was of Chief Grey Hair, regarded as the oldest and only medicine man there at the camp.
On June 28th, Burbank arrived back at Rock Creek where he saw an entire valley filled with tipis. Through an interpreter he sent for Rain-In-The-Face who lived 18 mile away. Pretty soon, the old chief arrived, crippled and using crutches. Burbank said that Rain-in-the-Face was 46 years old and had shot himself in the leg while hunting buffalo. He and the artist argued over the cost for the sitting; Burbank was persistent in getting each Indian to put on a costume and put on war paint. Rain-In-The-Face laughed, said he had given up all the old ways and to prove it he had even gotten his hair cut short.[108] Burbank took him as he was, and spent the entire day in an old log house painting the picture. The Sioux no longer wore costumes but they sent Burbank over to Pine Ridge to the agency about 200 miles away to find those who still dressed up if the artist wanted authenticity.
In the meantime, One Bull, Sitting Bull's Nephew, came to pose. Burbank complained, "He has a fine face, fine profile, but had his hair cut short." He did the portrait anyway and made plans to go out to Billings and Cannon Ball as soon as he could get out. "Today, June 28, 1897 is beef issue day for the Indians," he wrote, "and there have been a thousand of them here. . ."[109]
By the end of the month he had checked into the Custer Hotel at Bismarck still thinking about the impression Rain-In-The-Face had made on him and of the eyewitness stories of the battle with Custer's troops. Here, two decades after the battle had taken place, there was still excitement about the affair. People were very reluctant however to discuss what had taken place. Burbank was still anxious to get the Sioux in their native dress.
Image: Hush-Low, a Palouse, done at Nes-Pilem, Washington 1898
While Uncle Ed had not promised his nephew money to paint the Indians, only money for his expenses, Burbank nonetheless felt sure he would buy most of the portraits because he had been buying them as fast as the Indians could be painted.
Burbank thought of going to Tacoma, Washington and to Idaho where the Indians were having the Ghost Dance. He jested, "I will put on a war bonnet and dance with them."[110]
On July 2, 1897, Burbank wrote Blanche that he had just arrived at Billings, Montana, eleven miles beyond Fort Custer to visit with Jim Campbell, General Philip Sheridan's favorite scout[111], but there were no Indians at the place. The Indians had gone over to another camp to celebrate July 4th! As Burbank went by wagon along the Little Big Horn River he found thousands of Indians in war paint and bonnets to take part in the celebration. Burbank visited the Custer monument, spoke to Chief Gaul and to other Indians who had seen the Custer battle.
Burbank then went to the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota 350 miles down the Burlington Road. He wanted another portrait of Rain-In-The-Face and followed him 80 miles right to where he camped. The old chief knew what Burbank wanted and laughed when he saw his friend. Before Burbank left the area to go to Billings he took a stage for 30 miles to paint the celebrated Chief Plenty Coups and then another 25 miles to do Chief Pretty Eagle.[112]
Burbank wanted to see both Crows Pretty Eagle and Plenty Coups. Pretty Eagle, who sat for two portraits, had a large family with a number of daughters. He and Plenty Coups were perhaps the most influential Indians among the Crow.
On Independence Day 1897, Burbank found his 1,000 Indians at the Crow Agency in costumes and the War Dance began at 4:00, all the dancers being naked except for breech cloths, and they were painted all over: bodies vermillion and pea green. Some had their faces painted all over. To this easterner, the music and noise sounded like a carnival midway. Even the dogs were painted. Burbank had seen Buffalo Bill's Indians in the traveling shows and wondered why they hadn't been painted up that way. One fellow had a white horse; both he and the horse were also painted all over.[113]
Four days later Burbank arrived at St. Xavier, Montana. He had not finished his pictures at the dance, but decided to do it at a later time. He had to paint in a tipi where the Indians were dressing, milling around, and even cooking meals. Some just came and sat and watched without ever saying a word. He tried to Paint the Indians who were shooting off their guns. The last day at Ditch Camp, Curly the scout, who had been Custer's scout, sat for Burbank which delighted him.[114]
At the Catholic mission on the Crow Agency, DeForest Brush, "The Poet of Indian Painters," who had been there two years and had come to know Curly helped Burbank get more sketches. Pretty Eagle came to regard Burbank as a trusted friend, took him to various places and showed him how the government traders were cheating the Crow Indians out of their rations and their cattle. The Indians got Burbank to help them by intervening and reporting the crimes to the proper authorities. Unfortunately, the traders took advantage of the Indians' lack of sophistication about procedure and rights.
On the 15th of July, Burbank finished the 13" and 30" painting of the head and shoulders of Pretty Eagle wearing a beautiful buckskin jacket trimmed with beads, scalps and weasel skins. The chief even obliged by putting an eagle feather straight up in his hair. Like the other chiefs at St. Xavier, Pretty Eagle arrived at 6: 30 a.m., sat through the day, had three meals with Campbell the scout, and Burbank paid him $4.00 a week.[115] Periodically the Indian would groan, lay down on a lounge of soft pillows and go to sleep, then after supper get in the hammock and rest.
Burbank wrote his wife, "The Indians out here have the funniest names, "Blows-His-Breath," "He Can't Sit Down," and "Sees A White Horse." Burbank said that when Frederick Remington, the Western artist, came out to St. Xavier he complained of feeling sore from riding his horse. When kidded, Remington said, "I have got the heart of a warrior and the bottom of a hired girl."
That the Indians cared for Burbank is clearly evident. Those who could wrote to him after he had left their homes. Gi-aum-e wished he would return to Fort Sill; Burbank sent the letter on to his wife. By July 20th he told Blanche he had eleven paintings finished that he wished she could see,
... especially a large one of Chief Medicine Crow who fixed himself up for me, with feathers stuck straight up on his head and his whole face, mouth and lips are painted a bright yellow with three stripes of red across each cheek. He has a black horses tail fastened behind with red leather fastened in it. He has on a yellow bead jacket with long fringes on the bottom and sleeves. His legs and arms are painted reddish yellow and stripes of red on his legs and arm indications by the Sioux and Nez Perce he has killed. On each arm is fastened a coyote tail and in one hand he held a long scalp from a woman on his leg below his knee.[116]
Burbank assured his wife that although he lived in the tipis and sat there all day with the Indians, she should not worry about him. He couldn't have been in safer hands.
"The Cheyenne are having trouble now on account of the cussed swindling and cheating them out of their making the white man's laws. The Crows have to stand for more. I feel sorry for them -- the Indians don't have 1/3 enough to eat ..."
He concluded the letter of July 20th, "I'll tell Uncle Ed to send you some money. Don't send me anything for my birthday... you hadn't either buy me any ties... I don't wear them here any more ... P. S. the little brown Gi-aum-e is pretty good, when you consider she is an Indian girl with only two years of schooling and that on the reservation."[117]
Burbank's letters always provided some ethnographic detail. He reported to Blanche on July 25th that he had 14 paintings finished and hoped to go on to the "more civilized Crow Agency," and complained of the food and everyone's smelly feet. Yet he told his wife, "You and Lizzie send me the measure of your feet and we'll have some nice moccasins you can put your bare feet in." He would finish at St. Xavier, Montana with a painting of a little Crow about 10 years old who had on an elk tooth dress with 600 elk teeth sewed on it.[118]
Burbank complained of a food problem: too much canned food and too few fresh vegetables. By the 29th of July, he had reached the Crow Agency looking like a wild man. As soon as he got a haircut and some food he felt better. He immediately lined up 12 chiefs to paint, beginning with Chief Bears Claw. He told Mrs. Burbank that it cost him about $100.00 a month to hire and paint the Indians, and that Uncle Ed has not sent him any money yet. He had nonetheless 13 pictures completed which he would sell for $2,450.00 and in the next 6 weeks he would paint 20 more.[119]
Burbank knew that the Indians had a name for him but they wouldn't tell him. He knew a fat man there called "Two-Belly," another they called "Seven-Cows," and another "Afraid of His Bottom," so he's some what nervous and sensitive to what they might call him. He told Blanche to get the Art Amateur, Art Interchange and St. Nicholas magazines which had stories about him which he might show to the Indians to impress them.[120]
On July 11th he wrote that he had finished painting a little 3 year old papoose named "White Shell," a girl whose hair and eyes were jet black. Her mother painted her face red, am put a lot of beads and shells around the child's neck. Burbank next looked forward to Pretty Eagle sitting for a sketch and anticipated a visit from another chief who would travel 25 miles to see him. He and Uncle Ed corresponded regularly about his work and the payment for it although it would appear that Burbank delegated some of that responsibility to his wife. He told her that if she needed any money to let Uncle Ed know and that he had been keeping record of the completed paintings. Burbank also needed geegaws for the Indians such as brightly colored handkerchiefs and paper dolls - the kind already punched out - that had clothes. Could she send more to him?[121]
Chief Plenty Coups was the principal chief of the Crow Indians and displayed the finest clothing owned by any of the other Indians. Mr. Weare of Chicago gave Plenty Coups a gold watch; in return the chief named Weare "Bald Eagle."[122] Plenty Coups was a very proud man, and had a valet who drove him by buckboard 100 miles to meet Burbank. His wife and valet spent hours getting him ready. They soaked his hair in sugar and water to make it stand on end when it dried. He painted his face red and his forehead white. Burbank wrote, "He is awfully big headed - you ought to see him paint up. He has a couple of scalps pinned in his hair taken from the Sioux."[123]
Burbank regarded this Indian as the proudest, vainest and best looking Indian he had seen. Plenty Coups strutted around like a peacock; the young ladies were in love with him. He had gone to Washington, D.C. and while there got attention from those women in the elite social circle. Burbank watched Plenty Coups as he made himself up, painting himself in the studio and Burbank said he never saw any woman look in the glass the way he did. When his squaw and valet put him in the chair, Burbank handed him a mirror so that for 20 minutes Plenty Coups could look at himself to be sure he appeared alright.
Image: Chief Joseph, Nez Perces, done at Nes-Pilem, Washington, 1897
Burbank still hoped that he could have an exhibition of the Fort Sill Indians in the Fall and Winter, he wrote, where he could sell more paintings as in June when the wealthy people came out to see the shows. He asked his wife,
What will we do my dear for living and where are we going to live since I won't be in Chicago this winter at all. When I return again somewhere in the south probably to Fort Sill to finish what I didn't the last time I was there. I could, in fact, spend every winter there for years.[124]
As a passing thought Burbank told his wife, "Mr. Truesdale, vice president of the Rock Island Railroad which goes to Indian Territory wrote to me and indicated that whenever I wanted to go South again he would get me passes. Would you like to go my dear?"[125]
Burbank then spoke of Thurber's Art Galleries that would be exhibiting his paintings the last two weeks of October. He thought having the exhibit then would be alright but would cause him to change his plans a good bit because the poor weather would be coming and he would have no clothes for it. He told Blanche he would be in Chicago about the 10th of October, as soon as he was through at the Crow Agency. In the interim he was going to see the Nez Perce some 150 miles northwest of Spokane and would spend the rest of his time there. Since Uncle Ed had given him an order for Chief Joseph's portrait he could not visit the other Indians he had planned on seeing, but in the summer of 1898, would go to the Pine Ridge Agency and spend the summer with the Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfeet, Shoshone and Flatheads. He figured that if he painted them at this time he would have to hurry them through.[126]
Image: ChiefRed Cloud, Sioux, painted at the Pine Ridge Agency, South Dakota, 1899
Burbank always alluded to the number of Indians he would paint at the Crow Agency but he did not always mention them by name. On August Ii 4th, he began to paint a pretty little 6 year old named "Hairy Wolf." By the 14th he had 20 pictures done of such figures as "Eagle Claw," "Sees a White Horse," and an oil of "She Rides a Plain Horse," and when he returned to Chicago he expected to have $8,000 worth of pictures.[127]
He had written 15 pages of material for the Chicago Tribune about Chiefs White Swan and Deaf Bull. White Swan was a problem though. He had been in the Custer fight with Reno and had been trying to impress Burbank by drawing pictures all day long of his part in the battle. Burbank had trouble getting time to paint White Swan. On the other hand Deaf Bull, "the ugliest Indian among the Crows" had been easy to do. He had been sent at one time to Fort Snelling and put in prison because he was so ugly. While there he killed another Indian.[128]
Pretty Eagle returned also and was admired by some Shoshone Indians who had come to visit the Crow. Burbank had the chance to do an oil, of "Holds the Enemy," son of Chief Eagle who lived at St. Xavier, Montana, dressed in his war dance costume.[129]
By September 21st Burbank had arrived at Lame Deer, Montana having gone via Rosebud Agency in South Dakota. He was exhausted because of the roughness of the road, the hills and the length of the trip. The night of the 20th he had been glad to sleep in a sheepherder's house but had a restless night. Seven other men slept in the same room, all dirty sheepherders sleeping on dirty beds. Burbank wrote his wife he hadn't even taken off his underwear or stockings and their snoring bothered him no end.[130]
At Lame Deer Burbank came upon the Cheyenne and quickly came to the conclusion that they were the wildest, most treacherous, and meanest Indians in America. They had always been against the white man. There had been trouble with them at this very place a few months earlier and all the white people had fled for their lives. But the Cheyenne had visited the Crow; they knew this white artist was coming to paint them.[131] Burbank had already seen American Horse and wrote "He is a big fellow and I tell you he has a typical Indian face alright and is a savage looking fellow."[132]
In this country where Custer had once traveled and fought, soldiers were plentiful. The Cheyenne though were still to be reckoned with and they were to put on a war dance during the week. "They gave the dances at night," Burbank wrote, "in a log building with a big hole cut in the roof and a big fire in the center of the building."[133]
Although Burbank continued to tell his wife the Cheyenne were the most savage Indians he had ever seen, he developed a rapport with them. He worked in a Cheyenne log house with the room full of curious Indians most of the time. When the room was crowded, they stood outside and put their heads inside the window to see what he was doing. He had already painted Chief American Horse and Chief White Bull with the prospect of Chief Two Moons the next day. He described American Horse as a "Big fellow 6 1/2 feet tall and as straight as an arrow and he had a long Eagle feather stuck right up alongside his head. He paints his face yellow", Burbank said, "and paints the rows of white straight lines on his forehead to make him look more savage."
"I was proud as Chief American Horse said to me, 'You Big Medicine Man.'" They say that is the highest honor an Indian can say to a white man.[134]
Burbank's hope was to get Chief Little Chief "who is the wildest and cussedest most savage looking Indian I have ever seen." He always had himself fixed up in war paint and carried a tomahawk with him which had several notches on it indicating scalps he had taken. He often looked at Burbank as though he would like one more scalp.
He had heard of me and out of curiosity came when I was working; then he came in. He never said a word and looked at me very cross. I got up and went over to him and we shook hands. I took his tomahawk and examined it. He said he wouldn't sit for me for he had no use for white people but I am sure I will get him. I have found that if one wants to get on the good side of the Indians, one should be good to their children. They are like deer; I catch them easy and give them candy.[135]
One evening Burbank saw a Cheyenne man dance at night. His people had built a log house 300 feet in circumference and cut a center 12 square feet for a big fire and to have their dances. He thought it was a strange sight as they were all fixed up in war paint.
Mr. George Grinnell of the Forest and Stream Magazines is here writing a history of the Cheyenne and he has a phonograph with him. They sing in it; then he gives the song back to them on the phonograph and it is fun to see the expressions on their faces when they hear their own voices in the instrument. I go to bed at 8: 30 p.m. as there is no place to go or anything to do but this is the most ideal Indian country and a fine place to get to paint Indian subjects.[136]
In late September, at Lame Deer, Burbank began to have troubles with the Indians. Indian Horse was supposed to come to have his portrait painted but became glum and very agitated. By dinner time an interpreter explained that Burbank had painted White Bull who was not a chief and that Burbank had put American Horse's costume on White Bull. Burbank thought one had given the other permission; American Horse walked around a bit and said none of the chiefs would sit. Burbank persisted and went to their tipis with money and tobacco. Pretty soon Chief Little Chief came back to be painted but acting ugly and indifferent. Finally the chief agreed to come on the 29th of September to sit. Burbank had brought colors for Chief Little Chief to paint his face until he looked like a demon. He was also carrying a tomahawk with 23 notches which meant he had taken 23 scalps. Burbank was able to work with the Indians better than many white men who had lived with them for years because they thought Burbank was a medicine man. Some believed that he was a chief.[137]
He had planned to go elsewhere in October but remained among the Cheyenne finishing a portrait of a little girl with her face decorated. He had grown accustomed to the Indians, "loafed with them; they liked him and liked to have them with him." Burbank was now 39 years old. He had developed an affection for the Indians and rather than trying to finish his assignments and return home, he found excuses to stay. With a captive audience, a sponsor, access to whatever subjects he needed and easy exhibition and sale of his work in the East, it appeared highly unlikely that Burbank ever seriously thought of going home to stay.
Burbank's letters became sporadic. He would start one, go off and watch a ceremony or paint a picture, then pick up where he had left off a few days earlier. On one of these occasions he had gone out to watch the Indians build tipis and was so intrigued that he relayed the information in minute detail in a letter to his wife.
The Indians take sticks and bind them and make a little house large enough to accommodate same twelve Indians sitting down. They cover the sticks all over with blankets and then they take a lot of stones and build a big fire and put the stones in it when the stones are hot. Then they put them in their little house tent and the Indians inside are naked and outside squaws and all get in the tent and the entrance is covered. They then put water on the hot stones which makes them steam and they have a sweat bath. Before the stones are put in, they place a buffalo skull in front of the entrance for medicine and when they go through queer motions and will put more hot coals in the center of the tent and put in it some kind of herb which burns and gives a queer smell. They all wanted to see me undress and go in. Two or three squaws stood around laughing. Pretty soon Chief American Horse came along and shook hands with me and wanted me to enter. He said, 'Heap Good.' Finally when he saw I didn't want to he said the squaws wanted to undress me and I had better go in which I did.[138]
Late in October, Burbank packed his gear and moved back to the Southwest, expecting to escape the wind, snow, and cold weather. He didn't have the winter clothing for the fierce season ahead and didn't realize that there would also be similar weather in Arizona and New Mexico territories.
Burbank expected to have 31 or 32 pictures ready for an exhibit being held in Chicago by Thurber. It would be the second annual exhibit of Indian portraits by Burbank and this year featured northern Cheyenne, Crow and Nez Perce Indians. Burbank seemed very pleased at the response and sales. Many notable subjects were on display -- among them American Horse, White Bull, Chief Two Moon, Curley, White Swan and Chief Joseph. The exhibition attracted extraordinary attention and nearly every painting was sold. Critics spoke highly of Burbank's work. Historians began to use his data, and articles appeared in McClure's Magazine and Art Amateur, which contained portraits as illustrations.
On November 3rd, 1897, Burbank wrote that he had passed up Isleta, New Mexico because there was no place there to stop or stay so he went on 66 miles to Laguna. He arrived there at 1:30 in the morning, couldn't find a room in which to stay, so he slept on a bench in the depot. Later on he found a good clean room that could be used for sleeping and working. He disliked having to pay $3.50 a week for a room and $1.05 a day for meals at a place he called made of "mud and dobie."[139] At Laguna, located on the south bank of the San Jose River in Valencia County, New Mexico, about 45 miles west of Albuquerque he found a population of about 1,200 people.
Burbank could not get over the sight of the Indian village on the hill a block away made entirely of mud. The village had a church exactly like the one at Zuni and like the pictures he had seen in magazines. He called the people "such queer little people but nice and the cleanest Indians I have seen." Burbank was fascinated with the mud houses and noted that one had to climb a ladder to get inside. Once inside, the rooms were very clean and neat but the people were so little they looked funny like dolls. He bought a lot of their pottery which was very inexpensive.
Within a day he had engaged a girl to sit for him in Indian dress. He had trouble finding someone to use, but he employed the same tactic he had used elsewhere. Once he painted a picture of the person, the others quickly gathered around and wanted to be part of what was happening. While there, he had the head man of these puebloans paint and fix up for him, different than any Indian he had ever seen. His face was painted funny with green bracelets around on his body, and he held a big green round medicine rattle in his hand.
A week later Burbank mentioned a 9 x 13 picture of a little girl he had finished, noting he would probably charge $200.00 for it. In the interim he had quite a few Indians engaged to sit for him so he planned to stay another month. His fascination with the village and houses led him to call them the most foreign looking places he had ever seen, all of one story, but with ladders to get in through the perfectly flat rooftops. The Indians built them of rock and plastered over them with adobe which dried up hard as stone, and then they plastered the walls inside with white powdered stone. Navajo rugs lay on the floor just as they were in Zuni. Burbank was intrigued to see women and children carrying jars of water on their heads without using their hands; donkeys carried most of the other materials around. In addition to the paintings, Burbank took photographs of the environs.[140]
On November 13, 1897, a Saturday, Burbank wrote to his wife and asked if her father had received the $6,200.00 from Ed Ayer and wished he would give acknowledgement. He expected to finish three pictures, and two of them would be of persons with fine water jars on their heads.
Still at Laguna he wrote, "Usually they wouldn't allow white people to see their dances but I am pretty sure I can get one of them." He was also able to paint a pretty pueblo squaw who wore a green shawl. He was happy about being able to paint a pretty little Indian with a jar on her head whose name was Se-may-you-sih. He had finished one of Si-me-Kju and another named Ki-you-se. He managed to get into the traders' store and in the back found a place to loaf each evening after supper where there was a fire and he could have a quiet smoke. The only two places to visit were the store and the depot. "The Pueblos say Sca for no and ha-ah for yes," he wrote.
He also told Blanche that he had heard from Captain Watson, stationed at the Crow Agency who had seen an artist there from Milwaukee, but Watson said the man couldn't paint as well as Burbank. Burbank felt that there was not one in a thousand painters who could catch the character of the Indians, and that was what was most important about painting them.
Burbank told of the independence of these people from the government and how they had once been dependent upon a minister in his church there, but one Sunday, the reverend said that all the people who didn't believe in his church would die or something to that effect. The Indians, not particularly in agreement, drove the minister out of the church and would not let him return.
By the middle of November, Burbank had written home that his overcoat had come. He was thankful, since the nights had been fiercely cold. He was delighted to have his subscription to a "little magazine" called The Land of Sunshine which cost $1.00 a year.[141] The October issue had attracted his attention since it carried an article about Acoma, a few miles from Laguna. He asked Blanche to read the article titled "Katzima the Enchanted," because it spoke of the people he roomed with. He also wanted her to find The Art Amateur which had had an article about him, and illustrations of his Indian paintings.
He had not worked on Sunday afternoon he said, but found seven or eight hobos or bums who were stealing a ride on the freight cars going west to California. He enjoyed their company. They had been put off the train at Laguna and were waiting for the next train to come. He told Blanche in his letter that they had a language unique to themselves which he could hardly understand. He enjoyed the break from his work, and it was a diversion from his usual conversations. They were very smart fellows, he pointed out, and many of than had traveled all over the world. Nonetheless, he told Blanche, "I hardly think I will be here either more than a week longer, but you can address mail here."[142]
Again, he wrote home on November 18th, saying he had left Laguna at 1:05 a.m. He did not get much sleep. He had enjoyed Laguna where he had plenty of work, and hoped to stop there on his way back home and then go to Acoma.
Armed with letters from Uncle Ed Ayer, Burbank received permission to get into trading posts and places where he could begin to buy rugs and pottery to send back to his Uncle Ed. With these pieces of paper he planned to leave for Ganado in Apache country, sixty miles by wagon to the Navajo Reservation where Clint Cotton who owned the store at Gallup also had a ranch. High on his list was the hope that he would get some fine subjects among the Navajo at Ganado which was where they wove their blankets. Soon, he had purchased a lot of beautiful pottery to send by freight to Chicago.[143]
Image: Navaho Tajole Bijuie, 1910
Image: Hastin-Gaha-Bitzi Navajo, 1910
The Reservation of the Navajo Indians lies between the Zuni and the Hopi reservations. The nomadic Navajo are often seen at either of their neighbors where they barter by exchanging their intricately woven blankets and silver ornaments for pottery and corn. Charles Francis Browne who was an author and sometime traveling companion of Elbridge Burbank thought that the Navajo looked very strong on their horses and nicknamed then "The Arabs of the Orient."[144] Years earlier, the Spaniards had introduced sheep and goats to the Navajo so that the women could weave blankets from the wool and the hair of the animals; they were regarded as the greatest weavers of all Indians, Browne observed that the introduction of analine dyes had destroyed much of the coloring which was a characteristic of the earlier types of products. These blankets had become scarce and were regarded as rare and of a high market value.[145]
The Navajo lived in small settlements in hogans made of wood and earth for shelter. Nearby, they grew patches of corn. The Navajo prized silver ornamentation which included necklaces, rings, belts, and bits for horses. Their buttons were made of dimes, other disc-like objects were made from silver dollars and had the silver value of the U. S. coin.[146]
The day after Burbank got off the wagon to visit the Navajo he was told of a holdup; but wrote to his wife that she was not to worry, however, about the incident. The artist in him showed more interest in the station nearby called "One lung" by the local populace because of the number of consumptives who inhabited the small town. He could see numerous possibilities for portraits there.[147]
Burbank had heard of Juan Lorenzo Hubbell, the Indian trader who ran the trading post at Ganado, Arizona. The Navajo affectionately called him "The Old Mexican." When Burbank arrived at Gallup to paint the Navajo, Clint Cotton, the Santa Fe Telegraph operator[148] told him to go down to Ganado and see Hubbell, and "when you get there give this to him and tell him to shave himself." He handed Burbank a safety razor of the newest kind.[149]
Arriving at Ganado, Burbank found Hubbell who looked like a wild man with his beard hanging to his belt. Hubbell welcomed Burbank and offered to share his home, but told the artist not to expect him to shave. When Burbank asked the cost to live there, Hubbell, who had taken in many a traveler let him know that he had never charged anyone.
At Ganado on November 21, 1897, Burbank found only two houses. The first contained the store and living quarters. The other was the cookhouse and bedroom where Hubbell slept near an old fashioned fireplace.[150] Hubbell's Trading Post was 60 miles from the railhead and the place where many Navajo lived. A rancher by trade, Hubbell proved kind to Burbank. Half-Mexican, Hubbell had a Mexican wife who spoke some English.
"Lorenzo the Magnificent," President Teddy Roosevelt would call him when he visited the trading post at Ganado. Lorenzo was the son of a Connecticut Yankee, he was born at Pajarito, New Mexico in 1853. He began trading in Ganado in 1876 and from the start the Navajo flocked to his post. Not only was he their guide and teacher but he became a trusted friend among than by settling family quarrels. He also explained U.S. Governmental policy and brought to the Navajo the kinds of goods they needed. In time he helped than to develop their silver-smithing and rugweaving craftsmanship which allowed them to have an excellent source of income.[151]
Hubbell had a little boy named Roman who was the proud owner of a big dog. Burbank loved both the boy and the dog and spent a lot of time with them. One day he painted the dog black and the face yellow and the nose red with Indian colors. The dog looked hilarious and the Indians laughed, but the dog who hated Indians just growled at them all the more.[152]
Burbank gave no clues in his correspondence, but Hubbell had known his Uncle Ed Ayer, and so gave Burbank several Navajo rugs for him. In the early morning after he arrived, Burbank took a rifle and hiked 3 miles away to a lake to shoot birds but saw nothing in flight. On the way, he saw some Navajo hogans and boldly entered. He found a squaw making a blanket. Then he saw a pretty young lady whose father promised that both would sit for portraits for Burbank.[153]
The artist wrote that the country was peculiar, a barren region, the dirt reddish-blue colored and that there were stumpy trees the likes of which he'd never seen before. The backdrop, though, would be good for his portraits. "How long would he be there, he asked himself?" Depending on the Indians welcome he anticipated about a month. From there, he would plan on going 61 miles to Keams Canyon by wagon where the Hopi Indians who performed the Snake Dance lived. On the 23rd of November, Burbank wrote to his wife stating that the Pueblo Indians he had seen were small, but so were the Navajo although they were not as small as the Puebloans especially the women. He finished a Navajo painting of a man named Hosteen-ash-ee with a Navajo blanket. The name meant "Little Old Man."[154]
Chief Many Horses, Navajo, 1907
Ton-ti-tah Navajo, 1907
Ya-otza Beg-ay Navajo, 1907
He began to do the portraits of a little 6 year old Navajo girl, and tried to do some other paintings for Uncle Ed who had a lady customer who wanted one for a Christmas present.[155] Hubbell asked Burbank to sell blankets for him in Chicago, and Uncle Ed wanted blankets and pictures for his collection. Burbank wasn't much of a businessman and only saw the complication of trying to keep track of blankets and other goods for Uncle Ed and Hubbell. In the end he figured that there might be an opportunity for him to somehow work his paintings into the money arrangement. In effect, Burbank became a middleman broker. His old patron Thurber, who owned an art gallery, also wrote to him telling of the paintings he was selling and spoke of some upcoming exhibits where he had planned to use Burbank's works.[156]
Burbank's newest goal was to paint twelve of the Chief dancers to sit for him in costume, but for the moment he had to settle for Chief Two-Key and his daughter. This would be Burbank's eighth picture. He worked on portraits of several people including Chief "Many Horses" who was Hubbell's closest friend. The Indian posed wearing his beautiful Navajo costume of head chief. The first portrait done, Many Horse asked if Burbank could do another one of him. The next day when he arrived he had on his Navajo clothing and a large stove pipe hat with a feather stuck in it; a hat given to him by a tourist. Thinking this was a joke, Burbank began to laugh. The Chief was hurt and left the studio insulted; soon he reappeared with a plug hat decorated with eagle feather. One story has Burbank painting him that way; another says the Chief reappeared without the hat! At the end of the month Burbank was still trying to paint the old man with the plug hat.[157] He had made a war bonnet out of feathers as a sort of compromise. Burbank thought one of these portraits would be worth $200.00.[158]
On December 3rd Burbank hoped to have 10 pictures finished. Burbank was proud of the fact that every painting he had done proved saleable. At the same time he seemed pleased that Hubbell continued to give him Navajo rugs and wanted him to have a nice collection before he left Ganado. Snow had fallen and Burbank was cold. With the log fire and his warm room, though, he had time to spend completing many portraits. He had shipped off 29 Navajo rugs which Hubbell had sold to Uncle Ed at bargain prices. During this time he did an oil of Tya-yon which would hang in the Hubbell home for many years.[159]
Burbank wrote to his wife asking her to get him a 1898 calendar (sending her a sample page from the 1897 calendar) stating he just wanted the block, but not a standard on which to put it. His instructions were detailed and said she should go to a stationery store and have them wrap it and send it to Keams Canyon via Holbrook, Arizona. Burbank's persistence demanding such items often disturbed Mrs. Burbank.[160]
By December 5th while at Ganado, he worked on a portrait of a Navajo squaw who had painted her face and put on a Navajo dress. She would be his 11th portrait there.[161] Hubbell continued to give him more rugs, about 20 pieces of rare old pottery and two large water jars along with 300 to 400 garnet stones in the rough, which Burbank asked his wife to distribute among her relatives and friends.[162] He asked her to send him a pocket book for Christmas in which he could put change, but not more than 50 cents for one. He told her to buy the Christmas present and let him know the cost so he could send her the money.[163]
In the interim, he would go to the Hopi villages, be there about three weeks and then go on to Needles, California where he would try to do portraits of the Mohave Indians. His plans included moving from there to the "extreme southern part of California to the Yuma Indians, and then the Pima Indians, in southern and central Arizona." He wanted to collect more of the beautiful baskets, like the large ones Uncle Ed had in his house.[164]
"He just might have trouble getting away," he said, because Mr. Hubbell had wanted him to stay there all winter. Hubbell's problem was that he was deeply interested in politics and subscribed to at least 50 different newspapers. As a Republican he liked to have a Democrat around so that he could stop his business and just sit and argue. Burbank said, "the poor fellow doesn't see anyone to talk much to. Very seldom does anyone come here, but when they do he makes up for lost time."[165] Hubbell had four children, three of whom were in the East in school. His son Roman spoke the Navajo language and Spanish fluently, but only spoke a few words in English and lived with his father and mother in Ganado.
Leaving Home for the Carlisle Indian School, 1912
Interior of the J. L. Hubbell Trading Post at Ganado, Arizona, 1908
Burbank had some trouble eating the food and drinking the milk at Hubbells. He explained to his wife some troubles he had had, pointing out that Hubbell's cook, Loco, was very good, but since Loco was having his portrait painted, sometimes other men had to do the cooking and that posed a risk for them all.[166] The red crayon portraits which Burbank experimented with during this time at Ganado impressed Hubbell very much. He then made the agreement to purchase two of these so-called "red-heads" representing each tribe in the United States.[167]
At the same time, Hubbell began to note that the sale of Navajo rugs was meeting stiff competition from the East and from the Pendleton Mills in Oregon. To improve the sales of what the Navajo were making, Hubbell asked Burbank to copy their various older patterns and rug designs. In time, designs copied at the post and from the Ayer collection would be framed on the walls of the trading post. Many of these rug patterns are still on the walls of the trading post, meant to aid the rug costumer in selecting the design they wished the individual Navajo to weave, indicating at the time of order the color and size.
Prior to this time in 1886-1887 when analine dye use had begun, native vegetable coloring had been used and had been the cause of a slump in business. Then with analine dye use sales improved. Hubbell along with an associate, C.N. Cotton, welcomed this sale of rugs in Ganado. Hubbell recommended using only a small range of the chemical dye colors, principally red, blue-gray and black. From this combination came the "Ganado Red." Usually the red was darker than what was customary with the gray and black in the background. The Hubbell's organization, with specific directions on colors and patterns, and increasing from the usual rug size, caused his trading post to prosper in the sale of rugs. In 1902, Hubbell issued a catalog. He warned of cheap and gaudy blankets, loosely put together and sold at 'fabulous' prices. He had at times unraveled some of the old genuine Navajo blankets to instruct and show his modern weavers how the patterns were made.[168]
Hubbell was generous to Burbank and he sold or shipped anything requested by Uncle Ed Ayer. On December 8th, Burbank said that Hubbell had boxed up more than 300 pounds of things he had given Burbank including some elegant large Navajo rugs, 40 pieces of old pottery and a large piece of leather 2 feet square. He even gave the artist some artifacts from old ruins, small rugs made of wool, a rectangular sack rug 6 x 8 feet, fine big water jars, big mountain skins already tanned, over a dozen wild cat skins, and 8 or 9 fine woven decorated baskets made by the Navajo and Hopi Indians. Hubbell threw in fine silver rings with turquoise, strings of beads, strings of turquoise beads, a turquoise charm for his watch chain, and a bag of garnets.[169] Burbank was overwhelmed. His offer to paint 6 portraits of Hubbell's family from photos was readily accepted.
Burbank's job in the area was coming to an end, and his plans were to leave Hubbell's. Hubbell told Burbank he would take him to the Hopi and return later to take him to the railroad. The distance was a total of 150 miles by wagon. Buckboard travel was what Burbank disliked the most during his role of painting Indians.[170]
Burbank's letter of December 11, 1897, stated he was at Keams Canyon where he had finished 13 pictures, 5 of Puebloans, who included Ki-you-see, Woide-yah and Zuqist and 8 of the Navajos. He had hoped to leave the next day for the Hopi villages but the teams didn't arrive on time so he would go on Monday. Hubbell had 14 horses hauling freight from Gallup which returned once a week, but the roads were so bad they were late in returning.[171]
Burbank told his wife he had received a letter from Harper's Weekly stating that they would give him $50.00 for a story. He asked if Uncle Ed had sent her $25.00 and said, "My dear, that was your allowance for December." He had written Uncle Ed but had gotten no response. He didn't know what to send her for Christmas because there weren't too many things to buy except things for Indians. In the meantime he asked her to go to the bookstore the first of every month and look for St. Nicholas, the Century, McClure's, Art Amateur and Harper's Weekly.[172]
Burbank asked his wife to write a nice letter to the Hubbells and thank them for their kindness to him and also for all the things they had given him which would become hers. He had never seen such nice people and everything they had done to help him meant a lot.
I wish you would send Mrs. Hubbell a nice Christmas present of some kind -- send her a half dozen fine linen handkerchiefs and put a card in the package to Hubbell, from you and I, and I wish you would get their little boy something. He is six years old and just full of the devil but a good boy, nice manners, but he is so healthy that he is on the jump all the time. If you could find a nice box of wooden toy soldiers ... address to Mr. Roman Hubbell ... from you and I.[173]
He told her he would write just as soon as he arrived in Hopi territory expecting to be there Monday evening December 13th. He did write on the 14th pointing out that his ride didn't show up so a Mexican brought him. Tom Keams was glad to see him, especially because Keams and Ed were old friends; they had served in the war together.[174]
Pole-Lee, a Hopi at Sichumovi, Polacca, Arizona, 1904
Burbank set off for Santo Domingo next, a Keresan pueblo on the east bank of the Rio Grande River about 18 miles above Bernalillo in north-central New Mexico. The population was about 800. The people there would not allow him to do any painting. He then went to Jemez, another Keresan pueblo on the north bank of the Jemez River, about 20 miles northwest of Bernalillo, where the Indians escorted him into a dark room until their dance was over. Then he made his way to the Hopi mesas. Originally the Hopi were called the Moqui, but Moqui meant death in their language and the tribe changed its name to Hopi which meant life.[175]
The Hopi lived in compact villages built on three mesas in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. On the easternmost, or first mesa were the villages of Hano, Sichomovi and Walpi. The people of the first mesa were the pottery makers. On the second mesa were the Mishonghovi, Shipaulovi and Shumopavi. On the westernmost, or third mesa were the villages of Oriabi, Hotemville and Bacabi. Forty miles farther west was the village of Moenkopi the fanning center for Oraibi. On the second and third mesas lived the basketmakers and rug weavers of Hopiland. All the Hopi except those of Hano spoke one language. The people of Hano were Tewas and spoke a different dialect.[176]
A few years before Burbank's arrival the government built them homes with stone walls, put on tin roofs, built floors, installed doors and windows in the new pueblos and even furnished them. Very few of the Hopi lived in the new houses. Instead, they rented them to tourists and lived off the proceeds. Burbank was able to rent one of these for $5.00 a month and he converted it into a studio. The house was just as the government had built it, except that the springs to the beds were gone. When he complained about this the Hopi owner naively explained that he needed the bed springs to dry peaches in the sun.[177]
Ko-pe-ley, Hopi, 1898
The Hopi discreetly came to Burbank at odd times asking him to paint their portraits. Koe-ah-di, O-koon-sey, Gleh-so, Hong-ee, Pay-tah, Tan-bo-ho-ya were among those who came to like Burbank's work.
Burbank's next adventure took him back to the trading post. Burbank described Tom Keams' place as located in a canyon. He was a bachelor of English ancestry and his storekeeper and wife kept a neat home for him. Right away Burbank began to buy baskets from him; in fact the first purchase was 40 of them. The next morning Keams hitched up the wagon and took Burbank to where the Hopi were located, eleven miles from his home. He described the country as exactly like the picture of the mesa in the magazine he had sent to his wife. "The Moquis live on top of a tableland called a mesa which is a solid rock 700 feet high and the way to get up there is the most picturesque..."[178]
Keams spoke the languages of the Hopi, Navajo and Spanish and all the Indians knew and loved him. Burbank told his wife, "I wish you could see the Hopi squaws that are unmarried that have their hair done up so funny. They are perfectly beautiful. They don't look like Indians... 300 Indians who live there meet in the houses which are made of stone and plastered over something like the pueblos, four and five on top of each other. There are lots of children running around stark naked. I had lots of tobacco, cigarette papers for the men and a pocket full of candy for the children."[179]
Zy-you-wah, Hopi, 1898
Burbank was taken down into what he called a cave but which was in reality a Kiva, where he was invited to see what took place during the ceremonies. This was a rare invitation for a non-Indian. Burbank lived during this time at the base of the mesa and each day walked to the top where he convinced the Hopi squaws to sit for him. He hoped to paint the Indians who had put on their costumes and dressed up for him for the Snake Dance. He described the little figures which the Indians cut out of wood, painted and used during the dances. All the time Burbank kept thinking about the collection of Indian things he would have for his studio and how much he would be able to send back home.[180]
One day Quen-Chow-A, an 18 year old Hopi girl was sitting for Burbank. She sat still so long that the strain became too great and before he realized the intensity of her discomfort, she had fainted away. He wondered how he could revive her. Just then, her mother, who was with her that day, rushed outside and returned with a handful of sand which she rubbed over her daughter's stomach. This was a new treatment to Burbank, and one he would remember. Apparently it was very effective; the girl recovered immediately.[181]
At Polacca he painted pictures of the Snake Dance. When the dance was in progress some old Hopi always sprinkled sacred meal on the dancers. The last picture Burbank Painted of the Snake Dance was on his easel and not quite dry when he noticed a Hopi woman looking at the painting up close. She was about ready to sprinkle meal over the wet paint when he caught her. She had no intention of ruining the picture, but merely wished to give it luck she explained.[182]
As Burbank was painting the belle of the Hopi village, who had recently married, her husband sat on the bed in back of the artist. The Indian wife could speak English, but her husband could not. Burbank paid very little attention to him. When Burbank looked around, he discovered him squeezing paint out of the tubes into papers to take home. He had paint allover his hands and Burbank resolved to give him a good scare. He hurriedly told his Indian wife to tell him to wash his hands immediately, because the paint was deadly poison and would kill him. They rushed around with water and soap and had him scrubbing his hands furiously.[183]
On the night of December 18th at Keams Canyon Burbank wrote that he was alone, the only white man within eleven miles and there was nothing but rocks and sand, not even a blade of grass in miles. The German who cooked his meals had gone to Keams to get more provisions; he was fixing his own meals. While he cooked breakfast an Indian woman called on him to explain in English about the Snake Dance.
He had begun to paint the Indian girls in the area and concentrated on the several hair styles; each style indicating whether or not the girl was married.
He had to be very careful with them because they seemed overly protective of what they regarded as personal matters. When he was painting the first girl, and it was time to stop, her mother came in with a beautiful vase which Burbank bought. The next day the girl wanted to know if Burbank would pay her sister 50 cents for staying with her that day.[184]
He had heard from Thurber in Chicago that he had sold the portrait of Chief Little Chief for $175.QO and of Cut Ear for $150.00, both to the same person. Burbank was elated at what he was able to accomplish, and the fact that he could paint the Hopi in their Snake Dance costumes, knowing that it had always been forbidden. On the 20th of December he saw what he regarded as the weirdest thing he had ever witnessed in his life. He described the ceremony in the Kiva and its relationship to the Gods and to their crops and farming. In a letter on December 21st, 1897, Burbank described in great detail the ceremony including minute descriptions of the costuming, the speeches, and for 20 handwritten pages the various movements of the participants.[185]
Burbank spent Christmas back among the Navajo with Mr. and Mrs. Charles Bierkemper, missionaries at Ganado. He helped prepare a feast they were giving for the Navajo at their little church. They had a Christmas tree laden with presents for the Indians, and after a talk by the missionary, Burbank was appointed Santa Claus to help pass out the food and presents among the Indians.[186] Burbank was amused to see that each family had brought several dogs to the celebration. After all the men, women and children had been fed, he told them that Santa Claus, "Many Brushes" was going to see that all the dogs had a Christmas dinner. He fed the dogs the leftovers. The Navajo were so pleased they yelled "Yachte, Yachte," which meant "good. In this season he did portraits of Tja-yo-ni, Ah-ge-pah, Has-tin-nez, Has-teen-e-ashe-ee, and Tli-ich-na-pa.[187]
The day after Christmas he returned to Keams Canyon and received his Christmas presents of handkerchiefs and pocket book from home, but the calendar had not yet arrived and he could not understand why it had taken so long. He wanted his wife to know that he had finished 17 pictures of the Hopi girl 14 years old whose name was Dahl-ee who had her hair done up in a peculiar way which made her look like a Japanese girl. He liked to paint the young girls who were so full of fun and were laughing all the time.
The Hopi came to Burbank in the canyon. On the last day of the year 1897 a "fat little Hopi" came late and he had started on another pretty girl so she had to wait. He went on top of the Mesa and was able to get a Snake Dancer to sit for him, in full costume.[188] The man appeared in four or five different costumes he used during the dances. While there Dr. Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Smithsonian Institution saw Burbank's paintings and enthusiastically complimented his work.
Right after New Year's Day in 1898, Burbank complained to his wife that the handkerchiefs and the pocket book had arrived, but not the calendar which was the only way he would know when it was Sunday. He needed to keep track of each day. Burbank had so many Indians who had promised to sit for him he couldn't keep track of them. A painter could come to the Mesa, he said, stay all of his life and never exhaust the subjects.[189]
The altitude of the Mesa was 6,200 feet high and the altitude didn't agree with Burbank; it made him nervous and bothered his rheumatism - a disease which affected both Burbank and the Indians. But, he had to get used to it because he would be at the Mesa for months. He was sure if he could have spent a year just painting costumes.
Burbank complained again on the 6th about the calendar not having come. The Hubbells had received some of the presents but not all. Why hadn't she sent the articles registered mail? He had written Thurber to send his wife the $20.00 for a painting so she could be reimbursed for the Christ1nas gifts she had bought.
On the 7th of January, Burbank expected to finish the "queerest picture ever painted," of the second Snake Dance and then start another similar one. He was pleased at the way the Hopi liked his paintings and said the January issue of the Art Amateur had more than two full pages about him and the Indians -- the finest article ever written about him.[190]
Then on the 10th he wrote to his wife indicating that he was getting tired about so much fuss over his work with the Indians he had painted. He didn't know what readers would say when they saw what he was presently painting of the Indians because they were by far the best he had ever done and the most saleable. He continued to work on the Snake Dancers who were entirely devoid of any types of clothes worn by the white man. Now he planned to stay longer because the climate and altitude did not bother him like it had.[191]
Thurber's Art Galleries continued to exhibit and sell a large number of his Indian photographs. Burbank hoped to have 100 pictures worth $18,000, because there: "are so many people who wanted his work." He had just received $50.00 for a "White Swan" painting.[192]
Si-you-wee-teh-ze-sah, 1898 Zuni
Burbank remarked in his correspondence that he had become very cavalierish in his dress and looks. "I look like thunder with my long hair; my shoes haven't been shined since I left Chicago and I have hardly any clothes." Burbank was lonely, particularly on weekends. He was the only white man there, but he always had Indians who were curious enough about his work that they constantly were coming in to see him. Burbank seemed bothered at times by all the attention he was getting, but when the editor of the Art Amateur wrote to him and said he would make a big name for himself if he corresponded with him, Burbank decided he would. He also said that if he had to give teas like other artists did to get orders, he wouldn't paint portraits. On the other hand, he believed he would make more money than others in his trade. He'd finished the third Snake Dance picture and was to start one of a little girl holding a Katchina which would be his 22nd painting.[193]
On the 12th of January he said he was going to Fort Sill, but not for two more months. He still wanted desperately to paint a girl he had seen in her "queer" mud costume. In five days he had finished that portrait and was doing another of a Jemez girl named O-ko-a-po-bi. When that had been accomplished he was going to paint the prettiest girl of all, a Hopi, who wanted to be painted in her wedding costume.[194]
The isolation, the climate and the aridity made him nervous and cranky, "just like St. Paul." The calendar had come, he sent a broken alarm clock for repair to its maker in Chicago and the Hubbells still hadn't received all their Christmas gifts. Uncle Ed's payments to Burbank's wife had gone astray. Everything seemed to bother him, but he drove himself to finish his work. He seemed to want to go everywhere at once. He would be glad to go to California to the Mojave, to Los Angeles, to Southern California and to the Mission Indians.[195]
Burbank felt he had become a good friend of the Hopi because he was permitted to see and paint some of their sacred dances and ceremonies. He described them as dances of thanks and dances pleading for rain. He was anxious to paint the Pueblo Indians in as many ceremonial costumes as possible.
The head of the Snake Clan was Ko-pe-ley, one of the most remarkable Indians he had ever met. Ko-pe-ley was about 25 years of age, a man of vigorous character and attractive personality.
"Ko-pe-ley wore on his head a bunch of eagle feathers painted red with sesquioxide of iron, the prescribed pigment of a warrior. To these feathers were attached those of a bluebird. The letters were symbolical of certain mystic adventures in the underworld from which the Snake Clan is supposed to have sprung.
The Snake Chief's face was blackened. His cheeks were painted with iron. His chin was smeared with resin to represent a rain cloud. His kilt and buck-skin thongs were stained red. Red was also the color used by the Snake priests to decorate their bodies.
He wore a necklace of badger claws to which were attached marine shells. The bandolier that hung over his right shoulders was decorated with stone arrow points and small seashells. To it were attached small pellets of clay which had been dipped in a medicine used by the Hopis to protect themselves from the bite of rattlesnakes.
In his right hand Ko-pe-ley held a bunch of feathers which with his Snake Dance costume had a special significance. They were not mere decorations, but were there for a purpose which only the Snake priests could appreciate.[196]
Ko-pe-ley was married and had a son and a daughter. He was a man who had extreme concern for others. When he learned the Zuni were in the midst of a smallpox epidemic he felt it his duty to go to them to help. He contracted the disease and died soon after his return to Polacca. Burbank's 27th picture had been that of Ko-pe-ley.
In The Graphic, some twelve years after this visit to the Hopi village, he wrote that up to the time of his death Ko-pe-ley was Chief of the Snake Clan. His father was Shupela and still living as one of the most noted and influential Indians among the Hopi..., more than 80 years old. When Ko-pe-ley died, his brother Kuehl-lah-y-e-man took his place as Chief of the Snake Clan. Ko-pe-ley was the son of the oldest of the Snake Clan in Walpi. When he died he was 25, a man of vigorous constitution, a kindly disposition, industrious and filled with self respect. In the portrait Ko-pe-ley is represented as a Snake priest in the biennial Snake Dance... Burbank took pains to describe every detail of the man's dress and coloring.[197]
Early in February 1898, Burbank wrote to his wife indicating that he would soon go to California sometime during the month. When he had seen the Mojave, the Mission Indians, and the Yumas, he thought that possibly they could both go back to Munich again. He knew Uncle Ed would be in London or Egypt by this time. But that was far off and he could not plan too far ahead as he needed to continue painting the portraits to get the funds needed to do such elaborate traveling.[198]
Yet still among the Hopi he painted Ho-mo-vi in the secret Snake Dance costume. Wickey, a six-foot Indian who was deaf came to the studio to tell Ho-mo-vi not to pose because if he did both the artist and the Indian would swell up and burst. Wickey held power as head chief of the Antelope Clan. After several attempts to do his portrait, Burbank finally purchased Wickey's friendship with a Navajo blanket and in time he agreed to pose for Burbank. Wickey's hope was to live to see a train of railroad cars. He went to the railroad some 90 miles away and was walking along the track when a train overtook and killed him. He had not heard, nor did he ever see the train.[199]
In the interim, Thurber had an exhibit of more of Burbank's work and the artist had received $60.00 for the "Darky picture." Burbank was unclear about the number of portraits that remained in Thurber's possession. Around the 10th of the month he had 29 pictures finished, 16 of them Hopi and he was going to paint a young pretty girl named Quang. He knew that Hermon MacNeil had made a bust of her and sold it for a good sum. Quang told Burbank she was his girl even though she was fourteen years old. Quang's attractive and Oriental face astonished the writer Hamlin Garland, Hermon MacNeil and Charles Francis Browne the author, who stopped at her place in 1895. At that time Quang's mother had kept house for the three men. The headdress in Burbank's portrait was characteristic of the Hopi and worn by maidens only in this squash blossom fashion. Quang who had been to school and spoke English did not speak to this party because of her modesty, but she chatted constantly with Burbank.[200] (Note: Notation number 57 was skipped in the original thesis, though it was contained in the endnotes, we assume this is the correct position in the text)
On the last day of February Burbank painted a little Hopi girl three years old who danced in one of the ceremonies. She had a long streak of red paint an inch wide on her cheeks. Her hands were painted yellow and on her neck was a strand of funny beads. Her portrait would be number 35. She sat very patiently but now and then went to sleep. Her father would come with her, carry her on his back and treat her with patience and kindness. Her name was Zy-you-wah.[201]
The experience with the Hopi would soon be over. Burbank spoke of going to the Hubbells, then on to see the Navajo, and then of taking the railroad cars to get back home. He thought it would be funny to see a lot of white people and he would be glad to get his hair cut once he got there. Delayed a short time longer than he planned, he wrote on March 5th from Keams Canyon that his wife should address him at Needles, California, along the Colorado River. He would leave there the latter part of the next week with 37 pictures done, 24 of them Hopi. He would have to travel 110 miles by wagon and go via Hubbell's.
Frenetically, Burbank moved from place to place trying to paint on canvas portraits of the members of every tribe he could contact. Until this time, he wrote faithfully to his family and friends, and then went for periods of time with no correspondence. His restless movements are nearly impossible to chart.
He did chronicle, however, his move from Keams Canyon to the Colorado River and there he found the Mojave who he decided were among the most friendly and interesting of the Indian tribes. As he arrived near Needles he saw than standing in single file along the banks of the Colorado River. In that area of the country they farmed and lived in adobe and brush structures. Their pottery was rather poorly made, but they could be seen squatting down with their goods waiting for trains to arrive at appointed times.
Burbank had not met this particular group of people before. He was confronted with many problems and had to overcome their objections to painting any portraits. The Mojave told Burbank that they were afraid to have their pictures made principally because when they died all of their material wealth should be destroyed so that they could go to their "Happy Hunting Ground" without any possessions. The custom among them, that of cremation, included ceremonies in which everything belonging to the dead person was burned. To leave anything behind was against their way of life, so pictures would have to be destroyed.
While Burbank was at Needles a photographer took a picture of an Indian who had died. The photographer made a print from a negative and showed it to others. The widow saw the print, bought and burned it, but the photographer made another print and exhibited it again. After several such incidents, white people nearly took the negative and told the photographer that they would not stand for that kind of treatment of the poor Indian widow.[202]
To get his models, Burbank made a deal with a Chief who sold bows and arrows at the station to the travelers. He would give him 25 cents for every Indian he could get to pose for him. The old man rounded up all the models Burbank could use and then sat down himself to have to have his own portrait painted. He lost patience quickly and before Burbank could finish he left, saying angrily that he took too long to do the picture. To convince him to stay, Burbank told him that if he didn't stay he would follow him to the station and tell the travelers that his bows and arrows were no good. The old chief stayed so Burbank could finish the picture. While at Needles, Burbank painted Siem-o-nada and Tre-reh-kah. The latter had been abducted by renegade Apaches belonging to Geronimo's band but made her escape and returned home.
Although Burbank spoke of the use of a camera and the problems encountered among the various tribes when he used it, he himself had learned what an advantage the camera could be. Although in these first years among the Indians he was careful not to offend anyone, he learned all he could from Thomas Eakins about the usefulness of photography for the artist.[203]
Eakins told Burbank that the camera was truth and that he should take photographs and work from them. Eakins was one of the first American artists to do so. Burbank began to utilize photographs he had taken years earlier to produce additional portraits of Indians, especially those that were in popular demand. Not until his days at Napa and later during World War II would he totally rely on photographs for paintings. His inability to travel to get to those he wanted to paint was a handicap.
Next, Burbank went to find members of the Paiute tribe living in southern Utah, whom he regarded as one of the most misunderstood of the Indian tribes. He said they were among the most friendly of all the tribes he had visited, and that they were always willing to pose for him and ready to help him out. Among the first of the Utes he would paint was an Indian woman and her child. The mother posed with a little baby only a few months old in his cradle, the cradle leaning against her knee as she sat. Before he had finished the painting the child took sick and died. Other tribes would have been extremely suspicious of Burbank and would have accused him of bad medicine. To the contrary, the mother brought a little older baby in so that the artist could finish the painting. He found the mother's attention to the child spellbounding, as she readied the baby for the painting. First she tied its arms close to the body with a thong so that the baby would not move in the cradle. Then she put several handfuls of deal leaves in the cradle which could be taken out when soiled. The baby was tucked in and was usually happy to stay there all day long.[204]
Burbank enjoyed an elaborate 4th of July celebration with the Utes staged by the Indian trader Roy Hall.[205]
The Utes had given him the name "Many Brushes," but every time he net a Ute the Indian would say "Mike." Burbank thought they misunderstood his name until Hall told him that in Ute Mike meant hello. Burbank wrote that he had enjoyed the time among this tribe but had to move on. It would be several years before he could return. He had sketched Baratchia, Chief Severo, Quim-Cha-Ke-Cha, Tah-ah-rah and Juane and Pah-bah-gut.
Within a few years Burbank would return, by then though the Utes would have learned from the white man how to farm, put up fences, build bridges and homes, and to wear the white man's clothes. The Indians would eventually lose interest in having their portraits painted. Burbank's only option was to paint them in the clothes of the Westerner.
Burbank did not go back to Illinois as he had planned. Instead, he went to find Chief Joseph and traveled up to Nes Pilem, Washington. On this particular trip he left from Spokane and traveled eighty miles by railroad car only to find out it was necessary to rent a buggy to ride another 38 miles over rough roads. Burbank then crossed the Columbia River in an Indian canoe and traveled 12 miles on horseback, with his paint box and other belongings tied to the horse. He went through all this trouble to reach Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce who lived at the Nes Pilem sub-agency in Washington. Burbank also hoped to find Moses but he had gone 300 miles to pick hops. Burbank eventually found him, got Joseph to put on his war paint and costume and was satisfied that he had painted a good portrait of him. The great leader Joseph sat motionless for a long time in his little two room house with the door locked so that no one would interrupt the artist. One of the best portraits Burbank ever painted was of Joseph. On his forehead were dots indicating probable victories for battles. Here in this solitude of a single room house Burbank sat with a man who had proved himself one of the great militarists while the artist recorded his features so they would be remembered forever.[206]
After the painting was finished, Joseph took Burbank by buck-board and team of horses to the railroad which was over fifty miles away. Joseph spoke fondly of a trip he had made east, where he net General Nelson A. Miles. Joseph particularly liked the oysters he ate during his trip. Joseph spoke of Chief Joseph:
On arriving at Chief Joseph's retreat, I sent for him and he soon appeared on his horse. He is of medium height, well built, with a round face and a kind expression. He shook hands with me and, when he learned through an interpreter that I wanted to paint him, desired to think it over before answering. I had with me a portrait of Plenty Crows of the Crow Nation, whom Joseph happened to know. He liked the portrait and said, 'I know him; he is a nice man.' I noticed him counting the strings of Zuni beads around Plenty Cows neck, such beads being scarce in the north. After finishing his counting, he said he had the same kind of beads, only one more string. [207]
Burbank was the only artist allowed to paint Joseph from life and he made seven such portraits. He considered the Nes Perce leader the greatest Indian he had ever known.
Within such a short span of time Burbank's special adeptness at painting the Indian had made him successful and famous. Charles Francis Browne said he had an unfailing ability to catch a likeness at once. He found it difficult to get the Indian to sit still long enough for his painting. Burbank paid special attention to detail on a scale reduced from nature because many of the faces and heads as they were drawn, were not over two inches high.[208]
Burbank took up the Indian question in a different way than other artists. He painted portraits with a generous addition of ceremonial and costumed figures. He strove for accuracy in color, drawing and character, in every detail.
From Nes Pilem, Washington, Burbank went on to the agency at Pine Ridge, South Dakota where he hoped to see the Oglalla Sioux once more. One of the greatest of the Sioux chiefs was Red Cloud. Red Could had made numerous trips to Washington, D. C., to see the "Great White Father" on behalf of the Sioux. The government had built a two story house for him on the Pine Ridge Reservation.
Burbank visited Red Cloud and told him he would pay him if he would pose for his portrait. When the chief finally consented and Burbank arrived at his house he found Red Cloud in the attic all dressed up in his fine feathers and ready to pose. While Burbank painted, Red Cloud asked Spotted Elk to make sure that Burbank was making his eyes look as though he could see a long distance. Chief Red Cloud was blind as the portrait clearly reflects and Spotted Elk acted as a guide for him. Red Cloud was delighted when he found out the painting did not portray his blindness and showed him as he looked when he could see. He was so pleased that he showed up at Burbank's studio a few days later dressed in a brilliant yellow beaded jacket for another painting.[209]
Chief Stinking-Bear, Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 1899
Shield, a Sioux, Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 1899
Standing Soldier, A Sioux, 1899
Burbank had heard much about Chief Rain-in-the-Face and wanted to paint him. One night the Chief came to the agency and Burbank saw him dressed in a policeman's uniform. Although crippled in the Custer battle, he still got around on crutches and stood about 5 feet 4 inches tall. Burbank was so disappointed at his appearance that he returned to eating his dinner. Later he reconsidered and wanted to paint him. By then Rain-in-the-Face had gone with some Sioux 40 miles away. Burbank got to the place, looked at the old Chief, and realized he had overlooked some good qualities in his face. The chief agreed to sit at a price of $2.00 for 6 hours, but when Burbank wanted him to take off the policeman's uniform and wear the Sioux war costume he refused, pointing to hundreds of Indians around him. None of the Indians who surrounded him had even an eagle feather because not many had any Indian clothes left.
Burbank used an old abandoned log jail for a studio that evening. Chief Rain-in-the-Face would pose for only one portrait. The story went on the reservation that after the "Wounded Knee" fight the Sioux abandoned their Indian costumes as they fled and the clothing was given to the Pine Ridge Indians. Yellow Bird, a crafty Sioux, traded until he owned practically all the Indian costumes on that part of the reservation. From this collection Burbank was able to help fit many a chief who was posing for a portrait in war regalia.[210]
Kicking Bear was also a Sioux Chief and when Burbank saw him at the agency he thought he was one of the most perfectly built Indians he had ever seen. Earlier, Kicking Bear had been in Washington, D.C., and while there the Smithsonian Institution had a model done of his body as representative of the finest physique in the Indian race. Burbank had no trouble convincing the Indian to sit for a portrait and when finished, Kicking Bear took a liking to Burbank and asked the artist to come and live with him and his family.[211]
Stinking Bear, another Sioux Chief who Burbank met had a keen sense of humor. A portrait that Burbank did of him was one of the artist's most popular pictures. One day while he was working, Stinking Bear said his daughter was hungry and ordered Burbank to give her a quarter. That went on each day for six days with six different children until Burbank finally told the Chief that if he had any more children to bring them all in at once so he could get it over with. The old chief said, "No more."
Sitting Bull was the national hero among the Sioux and everywhere Burbank traveled he heard stories of the Chief, known to be a ferocious fighter. On the reservation though, the Chief loved to visit where his children were receiving the white man's education. The teacher had a special chair for him so he could sit and listen to the students reciting their lessons. He attended day after day.[212]
Chief Little Wound, a hereditary chief, had a greater influence and more followers than any Indian living. His father was killed by Chief Red Cloud. He wore his war dance costume for the painting which showed a silver medal given to him by President Ulysses S. Grant. He was an Indian universally loved by the mite man and his own people. One day Burbank went into Yellow Bird's store at Pine Ridge and found the Indians crying and wringing their hands. They said Little Wound was gone. He had gone to Omaha and after getting off a street car, had fallen backwards striking his head on the pavement.[213]
Burbank did a remarkable number of portraits mile at the Pine Ridge Agency. Each portrait was accompanied by annotations related to the subjects. The artist regarded this information as important because it couldn't be recorded in the painting.
Among the other portraits he finished during this particular trip were those of She-Comes-Out-First, the daughter of No-Flesh. Another portrait showed Standing Soldier who was one of Buffalo Bill's Indians, and who had traveled with him to Europe. Standing Soldier, like all the other Oglalla Sioux lived at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota.
Another portrait was done of Kicking-Bear, an Indian with a difficult personality. Once when a truant officer called at his home to see why the children weren't in school, he was answered with a rifle in his hands. Most of the anecdotes about the Indians were relayed to Burbank as they sat for their portraits.
From the Pine Ridge Agency on the South Dakota - Nebraska border, Burbank moved readily to Arapaho and Cheyenne country which was located on the north fork of the Canadian River at Darlington, in Indian Territory. They had heard of him, and as soon as he arrived were anxious to make sure that they would become a part of his portrait gallery. In fact these Indians were not the least bit timid about pushing forward. Among those who volunteered were Black Man, Chief Medicine Grass, Chief Red Wolf and Chief Striking Back. Burbank found no problem moving from place to place once at that reservation. Someone was always willing to take him by wagon to another location to paint a portrait.[214]
Burbank enjoyed his time among the Cheyenne where there were a number of unusual chiefs. Many of them had vivid memories of past battles and campaigns. They too feared that by having their picture painted they would soon die. On one day, while Burbank painted White Bull and Eagle Nest, another Indian, Chief Little Chief burst into the room and threatened the artist, yelling for him to leave. Chief Little Chief had been afraid of what was taking place with his friends.[215]
The next day, Burbank, loaded with candy, tobacco and money, searched out the tipi of Chief Little Chief which Dove Big Man had said was two miles away. Once Burbank had given out gifts to the family of the Chief, Chief Little Chief's attitude changed and he disappeared into his tent, only to return with a packet of letters from important people attesting to his goodness. The next day Chief Little Chief came to Burbank's place to pose. As he sat there, the old Cheyenne orator related many tales. Others gathered around him and listened.
Burbank became a good friend of these great horsemen of the Plains. He admired them for what they had been. One of them was one of the finest American Indians Burbank had ever seen, Chief American Horse. The day Burbank chose to visit him, he watched American Horse build a tipi of willow poles and skins. It was a very tiny dwelling and was meant to be a place to take a sweat bath. Inside, American Horse took off his clothes and sat on a block of wood. At the same time his wife heated some stones and poured water on than to create a steam bath. Curious about the bath, Burbank annoyingly questioned American Horse. The Chief finally told him if he didn't want a bath to go away. Later, after American Horse had been painted, the Chief told Burbank, "You told me you only painted chiefs and White Wolf is not a chief." Burbank told the Indian that he painted the Indians who were interesting.[216]
The most arrogant of the Indians Burbank encountered was Wolf Robe whose "haughty demeanor" annoyed anyone who happened to be around him. Once Burbank watched Wolf Robe while he thought he was alone. He could see Wolf Robe looking at Burbank's portrait very keenly. He proved to be a good subject although he demanded $3.00 a day. Each time he came for the work he strode into Burbank's studio with his face carefully painted and his head covered with feathers. His beautifully carved red sandstone pipe was a hallmark of his stature. The portrait turned out to be excellent and sold at a Thurber auction held later in the year.
Burbank's best seller and most widely publicized picture though, was of Medicine Woman, a Cheyenne squaw. She was one of the best dancers among the Cheyenne and her graceful walk and movements were admired by her people. Her face was always painted by her father before she danced. Her dress was made from beautiful leather and bedecked with elk teeth. Medicine Woman lived at Darlington, the location of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency. She had been educated at Carlisle, Pennsylvania.[217]
Among his other Cheyenne subjects whose portraits he painted that year were the "dude of the tribe," Weasel Tail, Bob-Tailed-Coyote, Chief Standing Bull, Eagle Nest, Chief Nah-Kuh-Mah-Time and Short Teeth. Burbank enjoyed the company of Chief Burnt All Over who explained how he had chosen his name. When he was a little boy, his mother was cooking soup in a kettle suspended from a pole over a fire. Mischievously, he turned the kettle on the chain, spinning the kettle around which sent a scalding hot soup all over him leaving him scarred for life.
Chief Burnt All Over spoke to Burbank about the technique of warfare and scalping, and gave him an explanation about how scalping was done. He showed Burbank how the victim was placed on the ground with the foot of the victor on the shoulder of the enemy. The hair was then pulled back with one hand to allow the scalp to be drawn tight and the knife was drawn around the scalp. The accomplished scalper then used both hands to jerk the scalp from the head as it went "pop".
The account given by Burnt All Over is consistent with accounts given by the Apache, Comanche, and even terrible scalp hunters who operated along the Mexican Border. Burbank cringed at the horror of the deeds. Chief Burnt All Over, despite the unusual talent, became a good friend of Burbank's and posed for other portraits.[218]
Burbank's time with the Cheyenne was productive. He met George Bird Grinnell on the reservation who was there to make recordings of Indian songs and speeches. He would paint Two Moons who eventually died in a United States prison. One of Burbank's most interesting subjects and the person he followed around for a portrait was Chief Moses who was always treated as a privileged person on the reservation. Burbank asked him to pose and they agreed on a price for the sitting. Moses demanded $6.00 per day. For Burbank, this was financially out of the question. He left without painting him then, but later, in 1942, he did a portrait of Chief Moses from a photo he located.
Burbank related that he had a portrait of Chief Joseph with him and that he showed it to Chief Moses when he was trying to get him to pose. Moses, who had been an enemy of Joseph said, "You would never have painted that picture if Joseph had not surrendered just when he did." When Burbank asked, "Why?" Moses said, "I once had a bead (with my rifle) on his heart."[219]
During this same visit Burbank sketched the Arapaho Chief War Path who won a medal given to him for some brave deed he had done for his country, but Burbank learned no more about the medal. Several other Chiefs who Burbank met at Darlington at the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency were Chief Straight Crazy who wore a buckskin jacket for the portrait done of him. The star and the blue on the jacket represented the heavens. Chief Medicine Grass was one of the most influential chiefs of his tribe and had been in many battles against the U.S. government.
Indians gathered about Burbank to have their portraits done. He began to believe that he would never get them all finished. Chief Black Coyote, an Arapaho, lived at the agency. He was still a leader among his people and had been important during the Ghost Dance period when the Indians of a number of tribes began to believe in the new religious movement. Black Coyote had on one occasion received $800.00 from the U.S. Government as a pension for service. Right away he bought a new team of coaches and coachmen, yet his family lived in a tipi. Often, the family would arrive in the coach, step out and go into the tipi. At one time he had six wives. Black Coyote had been to Washington, D. C., on several occasions. Once when he saw Burbank writing a letter he asked the artist why he didn't send a telegram because "Go Heap Quick." The old Chief had just sent a telegram to President James McKinley.
When Burbank painted his portrait, Chief Black Coyote insisted that he paint scars with red paint on him so they would stand out in the picture. Burbank was told that several of Black Coyote's children had died and he had made a four day fast as was the custom. While fasting he dreamed that the Great Spirit told him that if he wanted to save the lives of his other children he must cut seventy pieces of flesh from his body and offer them to the sun. Chief Black Coyote did this and burned the pieces. Those were the scars he insisted Burbank highlight.[220]
Somewhat abruptly Burbank returned to Chicago. He had not felt well at all, feeling that more than anything else he was overtired. But in part he returned to attend the Fourth Annual Burbank Exhibition in Thurber's Galleries at 210 Wabash Avenue in Chicago. Sixty-six portraits were shown including those he had just finished. Among them were Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho and Apache including Geronimo, Naiche (the son of Cochise), Mangas (the son of Mangas Coloradas) and Ton-Had-dle-I-C-O, the Kiowa squaw. Burbank's copious notations made the exhibit even more valuable. The catalogue stressed the fact that no one had known the material so thoroughly before and that the work would prove to be so valuable to future historians and ethnologists.[221] On November 18, 1899, Burbank wrote Professor William Henry Holmes at the Smithsonian Institution that he had sent him the exhibition catalogue.[222]
Burbank had accomplished his early portraits of the Indians in oil, but later on worked mostly with red chalk. The experience he gained in painting heads, said a friend, Charles Francis Browne,
had given a facility and an unfailing ability to catch a likeness at once. This is necessary in making Indian portraits because of the difficulty in getting them to sit still for long periods of time. It was important to finish quickly, as there is no surety that they will hold out as long as the painter wishes.
Burbank reproduced with accuracy every detail of tribal and ceremonial dress.
Just before leaving the Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation Burbank received a letter from Blue Horse who was on the Sioux Reservation and with whom he had become fast friends.
It read in part,
I raise my pipe above my head and say, Great Spirit I pray Thee to be good to my friend, the son of the shadow maker. Toward the pine trees, North, cold wind treat him kindly, toward the rising sun, East, great sun shine on his lodge each morning, toward the place where the shadow maker lives, South, bless your son, toward the land of the setting sun, West, saying wait on the breezes our friend this way, and lowering my pipe of peace, I say, Kind Brother Earth, when you receive my friend into your bosom, hold him kindly. Let the howl of the coyote, the roaring of the bears and mountain lions, the cold blast of the wind, swaying the tops of pine trees, be a sweet lullaby to him that shaketh the hand of your friend, Blue Horse.[223]
Now the weather had turned cold on the South Plains and the wind blew frosty, Burbank knew that he had done the right thing in leaving. When he left the Reservation in November his spirits should have been high for he had accomplished so much. Instead he felt depressed and alone. The thought of returning to city life did not appeal to him at all.[224]
Burbank's silence was not mysterious. He apparently returned for the exhibit at Thurbers and then rested in Chicago. No doubt he spent some time with his Uncle Ed, Perhaps even discussing the next trip into the West. It is likely that he talked about copying designs from some of the older Navajo blankets which he could take back to Hubbell's Trading Post. As early as May, 1900, he was writing to Cotton telling him that he had already sent on same older patterns he had copied.
In July Burbank was still in Chicago. He learned through mutual friends that Hubbell had been there. Burbank seemed upset at having missed him. He wrote to Hubbell in Arizona asking him to send some rugs and other Indian items to a variety of people, giving his permanent address as 814 East State, in Rockford, Illinois.[225]
By August 18th he was back in Harvard, Illinois and a rather touching letter to Hubbell indicated for the first time that Burbank felt he was not very well. Because of that, he and his wife would be going to Chicago again. He had experienced a minor nervous breakdown from working too hard; now he bad learned his lesson and would not overwork.[226] Burbank had not, however, in fact, slowed down very much. He had begun what would be a series of 25 paintings of Navajo rug patterns for Hubbell. At the same time Hubbell had written to Burbank asking if he could use some of his pen and ink illustrations on his stationery letterhead for the Trading Post. Burbank was happy to give him permission. For many years Hubbell and later his son Roman would use that stationery.
The requests to Burbank to get Navajo rugs, trade pottery and exhibit paintings placed a strain on him. The pressures became too much and he was unable to get the rest or care he needed in Harvard or Chicago. He and his wife chose to go to the Pennoyer Sanitarium at Kenosha, Wisconsin, in September 1900, a 75 acre resort fronting Lake Michigan.
He kept up his correspondence with Hubbell indicating that he was getting rest and slowly recovering. He mentioned that in all the moving around, the blankets and Indian curios which Hubbell had consigned to him to sell were now missing. The correspondence is not particularly clear, but it appears that the artist Thomas Eakins had been involved and that perhaps the consignment was intended for him. Eakins had requested objects from the several reservations in order to have than in his studio as backdrops. Nonetheless, Hubbell did not want to take any loss. In writing to Hubbell, Burbank said he was getting better and that in the future he would know how to take care of himself. All letters, he directed, should still be sent to Harvard in McHenry County, Illinois.[227] In October, Burbank was back in Rockford, and said he felt better - a bit nervous, but better - using 210 Wabash Avenue (Note: Chicago) as his mailing address.[228]
Less than a month later, on November 4th, Burbank was ensconced in the Hotel Holland at Shawnee, Oklahoma and wrote to Hubbell, "I am again among the Indians, but still not myself. I am better but my wife is not well, I think she has worried too much about me." From now on they would vacation regularly, Burbank wrote, no more working straight through year after year. He still hoped to go back among the Navajo to do more painting.
Holds the Enemy, a Crow
He wrote later in the month from the Hotel Kerfoot at El Reno, Oklahoma that he and his wife would soon leave for Darlington in the Oklahoma Territory.[229]
But he explained,
... couldn't find lodging except at the Eagle Hotel, at the Sac and Fox agency, which was six miles from the nearest railway station, Stroud, Oklahoma. The agency had three general stores, a drug store, two blacksmith shops, and the hotel and several agency buildings. The hotel was old, rickety and 'entirely innocent of paint.' It rejoices in a hanging sign outside; but this is such a handy thing to shoot at that the lettering is pretty well wiped out. The poor widow who manages it has to have a great deal of courage; the meals are not so very bad but pork is about the only meat in use. The rooms are unendurable, with no furniture at all except the bed, with its excessively dirty bedclothes. There is but one sheet and a pillow case long ignorant of the washtub. The institution pays well because many pass through here, mostly Indians who are but little disturbed by the condition of the sheets.[230]
While among the Sac and Fox Indians at the agency in the Oklahoma Territory, Burbank sketched Ottowa Chief Naw-Quag-Ke-Shick, a minister and interpreter for the U. S. government who was a great-grandson of Pontiac, Chief Mah-ing-Gah, and One Feather. Chief Keo-kuk was also at the agency and agreed to be painted. He was a member of the Baptist Church and led the prayers each Sunday. Keo-kuk had on the wall of his comfortable home, a print taken from a painting that George Catlin had done of his father dressed in the Sac and Fox Indian costume.
Among the Sac and Fox he painted were Ah-ke-ke-wah-tock and Chief Lo-waine-wag-she-kah, a Shawnee. Chief Lo-waine-wag-she-kah lived near the Sac and Fox Agency. He was the great-grandson of Tecumseh and the only chief of the Shawnee. His white name was Long-Tom Washington. He was regarded as a very trustworthy and honorable man.
Burbank's time in the next four years included visits to the Rosebud Reservation and agency in South Dakota where his work attracted the attention of the Duke of Windsor who owned a ranch in Southern Canada. The Duke bought one of Burbank's paintings for $5,000.00.
Burbank traveled next to Seneca, Missouri, where a group of warriors, the Modoc Indians of California still lived. In 1873, after a series of battles with the U. S. army called the Modoc Wars, they were removed from California and sent to Seneca, Missouri. Only about 12 families of the tribe remained when Burbank met them. They had been devastated by their removal from Little Klamath Lake, Modoc Lake, Clear Lake and Lost River Valley, California. Burbank spent hours listening to a sister of Captain Jack or Kintpuash who had been hanged for his role in the Modoc Wars. Princess Mary and two Modoc Chiefs also related their views of the tragic story of the Modoc Wars. Chief Yellow Hammer had played a large role in the conflict and said that the Indians had excellent weapons and an unmatched spirit, enduring hardships of every sort while in conflict. They were overwhelmed, however, in the hostile environment of the Lava Beds where the Modoc Wars took place. La-low-she-us, known also as Miller Charlie, explained to Burbank that the whole war had begun over misunderstandings. In Burbank's painting of him he is shown in dance costume.[231]
Other Indians Burbank painted during the year included the Kickapoo warrior Mac-ke-puck-e, in the Oklahoma Territory. Mac-ke-puck-e was fond of gambling and asked Burbank to make some medicine for him so that when he poured it on the cards, the spots would change at his will. The other Kickapoo at Shawnee, Oklahoma was Ah-kis-kuck, a principal chief of the tribe, and Burbank also painted an Ojibway chief.
In February 1902, Burbank wrote to Mr. Joseph Butler of Youngstown, Ohio, that he had gone to the Butler Museum and had some of his paintings shipped there by Adams Express. Burbank had also been invited to exhibit 100 Indian portraits at the Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia. Butler already owned a number of the Burbank paintings and had wired Burbank he had wanted to purchase the entire exhibit. Burbank accepted and wrote Butler he would be glad to paint Butler's portrait at the same prices as the Indians. Burbank did just that. He went to Youngstown, Ohio and painted Butler's portrait. Later when the Butler Institute was built, one gallery displayed the group of 100 Indian portraits. "E. A. Burbank Indian Portraits" was inscribed above the door.[232]
While Burbank was in Philadelphia, in the spring of 1902, Thomas Eakins did a portrait of him, with the understanding that the museum which bought Burbank's Indian pictures from the exhibit should also have that painting. Burbank wrote to Joseph Butler that he would have to give it to him and promised to bring it with him on his next visit to Youngstown. The painting had not appeared though in any of the recorded collections and the Butler Museum does not list it in its holdings.[233]
From Rockford, Illinois in April, Burbank wrote to Hubbell at Ganado, mentioning that he had sold 106 portraits to Mr. Butler. In the meantime he had been at work copying the Navajo rug designs from rug collections of a number of people. Mr. Ayer of Geneva, Wisconsin had some which he copied. They were old. He let Hubbell know therefore, that the designs were regarded as excellent.
Burbank still had nervous spells. He felt guilty about selling any of the Indian curios he had collected out in the West. He missed the frontier because he loved the West. "I need to get out there again for I can't stand civilization." He told Hubbell, "Where you live you are living like a king."
By now Burbank had established himself as a prominent portrait authority on Indians. The Brush and Pencil art magazine published by the company of that name was selling two series of reproductions. Embossed proofs of red crayon drawings were offered with a year's subscription. Colored reproductions of oil paintings were offered by the company in two sizes for 5 and 10 cents.[234]
By July 1902, Burbank and his wife were staying at "The Highland" resort at Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, and "loafing." He wrote Hubbell he would be getting with the Indians soon. He had gone to Seneca Lake in West central New York State to see his Uncle Ed again, telling him that he wanted to copy more of the old Navajo blanket designs. Ayer had said, "No, he would rather not have any of the older ones copied." Ayer felt that since the early styles had became scarce and hence valuable, that a revival of the older rugs might appear as imitations. Rather, he told Burbank, this generation should create its own unique patterns and styles.[235]
Then, late in the year 1902, Burbank left Illinois to go out among the Brule Sioux on the Rosebud Reservation and agency in South Dakota where he painted at least three Brule Rosebud portraits including Cinnamon Bear.[236]
Early in February 1903, Burbank contacted Hubbell and said he was sending blanket patterns, apparently apologizing because Uncle Ed did not want any of his own copied. Nonetheless, he did copy some in lead pencil. He asked Hubbell to photograph the blankets in the trading post, to paste the photos on a pasteboard, leaving a wide margin so that Hubbell could indicate the colors. Burbank would then copy them for Hubbell.[237]
Burbank was still with the Brule Sioux at the Rosebud Agency, but did not feel well, was not his old self. He complained, but was getting better -- he thought. The previous year had been a difficult year he felt. In years before that he had worked too hard and then many things had gone wrong - way too much so for him. Even when he had been with Hubbell he had not been himself, and he worried a great deal. Now, he concluded that he would remain with the Indians the rest of his life. "Everything, it seems, I have done so far in my life was a mistake," he lamented, "but we learn by experience."
In May he again wrote to Hubbell saying that he was taking life easier and not rushing as he had before. He looked back and realized he had worked hard and steady with no vacation, but it was his own fault. The year he had spent at Hubbell's, he said, he did 84 portraits and such a task should have taken him two years. "But that was his nature, his nervous temperament; he always wrote fast as though he had to catch a train," he told Hubbell.[238]
There on the Rosebud reservation the Sioux seemed to do well. Some 6,000 Indians lived on the reservation in log houses and they received money from the government. All those who wanted gainful employment could work fixing and repairing the wagon roads. The pay was $1.50 a day. The Indians felt good that they had work and money.
Burbank continued to express his bitterness at feeling so bad -- he wanted to be his old self again, and so much had gone wrong and he had worked so hard. He told Hubbell that Stewart Culin[239] a prominent museum curator, had been at Zuni, and asked if any artists had been his way? Culin wished that artists had begun to paint the Indians 20 years earlier and knew what he now knew. During this time, while among the Brule Sioux, Burbank painted "One Star," "Sky Bull," "Brule Sioux," and "Eagle Woman."
How Burbank managed to go from tribe-to-tribe and where he got the financial resources to travel, subsist, and pay his expenses is not clear. By simple calculation he was still not realizing enough from the sale of his paintings to subsist. His wife rarely traveled with him anymore so he had to be financially responsible for another person at another place. The Craftsman magazine advertised free reproductions of Burbank's Indian drawings for subscriptions to the magazine. This provided a small sum of money.
By fall 1904, Burbank had gone down to New Mexico and Arizona. Burbank had seen Hubbell. Burbank sketched some Navajo including Yeal Lee and Zahn-Dah. During this meeting Hubbell made an agreement with Burbank to buy portraits representing two individuals from each tribe in the United States. Burbank now loved to work in red crayon -- he felt it suited his personality and purpose. He knew, however, that it was a medium that couldn't be erased; his drawings had to be perfect the first time.[240]
He went on to Polacca to the Hopi, where he wrote Hubbell to tell him to get him what he wanted, and said that if Hubbell wished he could take the paintings out in trade for his supplies. At Polacca, Walpi Village, First Mesa -- Tewa in Arizona, he met Jacinto or Jo Mora, another artist whose talents would be recognized due to the variety of the media which he used for painting. Mora recognized the importance of recording the ethnography of the Southwest as he sketched, painted and photographed.[241]
Mora and Burbank had a fondness for each other that led to great respect. In October 1904, Mora wrote that he was going to cross the Painted Desert for a month to sketch and to paint, and to live with "E. A. Burbank, the well known Indian painter." Mora said, "I met him at Oriabi and he seems to have taken quite a liking to me, for he insists on my going to Walpi, and then going around with him to other Indian tribes." Mora said that Burbank had trained the Indians and could get them to pose; something that Mora had never been able to accomplish at Oriabi.
In December the two men visited the great Hopi potter Nampeyo. In a photo taken by Mora, Nampeyo fired her pots as Burbank looked on. Burbank said he would remain among the Hopi until the following April of 1905 when he would head for California. Before leaving, however he went to Polacca to finish sketches of Hah-Kah, Ponc-te-mah, and Skong-o-bah.[242]
He wrote to Professor William Henry Holmes that he had sent him a red drawing of an Indian and had high hopes of making portraits of all the American Indians. He encouraged Holmes to have two portraits of every man and woman among the Indian tribes published in a book. He had sketched many Hopi during this trip to the Mesa, but seemed proudest of Hom-o-vi, Pole-lee, A. A. Wah and his very special paintings of the Snake Dances with several figures.
On April 4, 1905, Burbank again wrote to Holmes saying he would leave in two or three weeks from the Hopi villages for the Pima and Maricopa Indians at Sacaton near Phoenix, Arizona.[243] Holmes wrote to William J. McGee at the Smithsonian Institution referring to Burbank as the nephew of E. E. Ayer, and the natural successor to George Catlin as an Indian painter. Holmes suggested to McGee that Burbank ought to have everything from the Bureau of Ethnology which he needed.
By April 26, 1905, Burbank wrote to Hubbell from Sacaton at the Pima Reservation saying he had arrived the day before -- that it was a nice country with lots of grass. The Pima and Papago took good care of their livestock. They irrigated some 300 acres under cultivation - the climate was warm and good for the growing of crops. All of his Pima subjects lived at Sacaton: Low-ste, Whan (t), Ap-Kaw and Chief Ho-San; the Papago also lived there and he had drawn Lu-Ise-Ah and See-He-Nachee.[244]
Burbank arrived at Agua Caliente on June 1, 1905, to be with the Yuma Apache. "They are a very different tribe -- different than the Yuma -- more picturesque . . . and are at the Hot Springs here, where people come for their rheumatism. There is a hotel and bath house." During the month of June when he was at Agua Caliente, Arizona, Burbank did several fine chalk drawings of Indians and sent them to Hubbell. Burbank intended to go to Los Angeles next and take a much needed rest. That was on the 7th of June. The next day he wrote to say he had sent the red drawings of the Yuma Apache by registered mail. He commented that it was getting pretty warm to work -- 106 degrees in the shade, so he was taking a rest. If Hubbell wanted to correspond he should write to him at Santa Monica, California.[245] There, he could rest and be near the ocean for awhile.
Burbank looked next to the Mission Indian tribes as they were then known. His views toward the California Indians had been preconditioned because he had already read Helen Maria Fiske Hunt Jackson's fictional book Ramona. However well intentioned Mrs. Jackson may have been, she wrote of the Mission Indians in such a way that Burbank too fell under the spell of sympathy which would reflect in his paintings.
Yet, as he would go among them he was impressed by the women of the California Indians for they seemed to be managing the tribal affairs; they had adopted many customs of the Spanish and Mexican land-owners who had controlled the tribes for generations. He saw and painted the "Temecula" Indians while they celebrated during a four day fiesta in the spring of 1905. The activities included the building of houses of brush around a plaza where games and races were played and food was served. With this group of Temecula Indians were others from miles around, for the whole region had been the location of a Luiseno village at one time. In 1903 an agency was created at Pala where many of the Mission Indians had been herded onto what was then regarded as 3,360 acres of worthless land.[246]
For Burbank the value of this fiesta was that he was able to draw portraits of some of those present. But, even more importantly he was able to show what he could do, and arrange to be with other branches of the Mission Indians who lived near Temecula, irrigating, farming and raising livestock.
Among the Temecula Indians he painted were Be-tow and Domingo. His portraits of the Agua Caliente were Sal-va-zar, Ro-sin-da, Kar-nah-C-O-nah and Elco-vah whom he found at Pala. One San Luis Rey Indian he painted was Mah-so-lin-a-quasis. Burbank was somewhat disenchanted and disappointed when he sought out several Indians mentioned in Jackson's book, Ramona whom he had thought were still living. "Ramona" being one of those he believed still alive.
Between these short trips to meet with the Mission Indians Burbank rested at Santa Monica. On October 15, 1905, he was in a fine place at San Jacinto, a beautiful country and he was getting good subjects from the "Soboba branch of the Mission Indians." He had decided to visit all the different California Indians. He continued to send Hubbell examples of drawings of each tribe. He drew portraits of Blah-se-dah, Sali-da, Le-van-us, Francisco and Ter-E-sa who were Soboba Indians. He left San Jacinto on November 6, for Banning, California and saw the Cahuilla living near the Salton Sea. He likened their pitiful condition to those in the story of Ramona, and on the 14th wrote Hubbell he was getting good subjects. He liked Banning and there sketched a Coahuilla, Ho-say-Doming. He found several Serrano Indians at Banning: Tow-mas-Cisco, Morongo, Juan Marron and Ton-had-dle. These Serrano lived in an area in the San Bernardino Mountains, but extending down the Mohave River to Daggett and north across the Mohave Desert into the Valley of Tejon Creek.[247]
By December 4th, he was at Cochella where he began to sketch Indians Antonio Martinze and another named Ramona! The Coahuilla he found there were Whan-ah and Elanar. Chemehuevi Indians who were located there also were Wong-ge-tow-ee and Chat-ah. He also painted several members of the San Felipe tribe. They were No-say-da-Loris-Capistrano and Ho-se-pah.[248]
One can only speculate at the Spanish derivation of words which the Indians claimed for use as their names. Nonetheless, Burbank wrote William Henry Holmes that he had quite a job ahead of him because there were so many different branches of the Mission Indians. "It would take him until Spring," he thought, "to finish than all." Those he had seen were very industrious, happy and almost all spoke English. He saw decidedly different types. He told Holmes that "Mr. E. E. Ayer takes nearly all the portraits I paint. I have now 852 portraits of all the different tribes in America."
On the 14th of December he again corresponded with Holmes and was now at Valley Center. He hadn't taken any photos of Indians, he said, although he had a camera. He did take pictures of their homes, dances, ceremonies and the nearby scenery at each place he visited. He said he used the camera more in taking mementos of his trip.[249]
Burbank felt his red drawings "made more of the Indian;" while he painted oil portraits, there were not nearly as many as in prior years. He said the red drawings showed the character and expression as well as the oil portraits.
Burbank would paint at least one San Luis Rey Indian at Valley Center and that would be one named Se-pran-sah. Then he moved on to Capitan Grande. He told Holmes he was averaging 25 portraits of each tribe including all ages of men, women and children of both sexes. He asked Holmes to write him at Lakeside in San Diego County.[250]
In early January 1906, Burbank spent some time at Valley Center just north of San Diego. He sent Hubbell six red drawings by express and told Hubbell to write to him at Lakeside, also near San Diego. Now 47 years old and rested from his trip west he indicated "I am over the nervousness now and my old self; I weight 66 pounds which is like 5 pounds more that I have ever weighed." There at Valley Center he drew San Luis Rey Indians: Jose-Calas, Se-te-ah-kah, and Concepcion Calac.[251]
If Burbank did eventually go to Lakeside, there is no record that he did. The San Diego newspapers in this month carried stories by Helen Elliott Bandini about the terrible conditions of San Diego County. She blamed some of the unhappiness and misery on thefts by white settlers. The Los Angeles Times also featured these stories which may have influenced Burbank to go to these "suffering people." Late in January 1906, Burbank was at Mesa Grande in San Diego County. The climate was in the mid 70's and dry. Burbank liked the area of the back country. He rested and roamed about to see different San Diego Indians. He had the good fortune to meet Edward H. Davis who was becoming a local authority and collector of Indian artifacts. Davis had a "trading post" in San Diego's north county, filled with objects he had collected.
Davis was especially interested in the Diegueno and San Luis Rey Indians. He had lived among those Indians for twenty years, spoke their language and had an especially large collection of their baskets, and implements. Burbank told William Henry Holmes of the Bureau of American Ethnology that the Davis collection was for sale and that Davis had a large collection of fine photos of the Indians. He suggested that these might make a handsome addition to the Smithsonian Exhibits. Under Davis' watchful eye he drew DeLoris Lacher and Nar-see-so-La-chapa.[252]
Burbank wrote to Holmes from Mesa Grande on February 1, 1906, and said that he was sending him the following list of tribes he had made portraits of up to that time:
Tribe Location
Apaches (Chiricahua).......................... Fort Sill, O. T.
Kiowas............................................... Fort Sill, O. T.
Comanches......................................... Fort Sill, O. T.
Crow.................................................. Crow Agency, Montana
Nez Perce........................................... Nespilan, Washington
Northern Cheyenne............................. Lame Deer, Montana
Southern Cheyenne.............................. Darlington, O. T.
Arapahoe............................................ Darlington, O. T.
Osage................................................. Gray Horse, O. T.
Puebloe............................................... Laguna, New Mexico
Navajo................................................ Ganada, Arizona
Zuni..................................................... Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico
Hopi.................................................... Keams County, Arizona
Tewa................................................... Keams County, Arizona
Ute...................................................... Ignacio, Colorado
Apache (Coyotero)............................. San Carlos, Arizona
Apache (San Carlos)........................... San Carlos, Arizona
Apache (Tonto)................................... San Carlos, Arizona
Apache (White Mountain).................... San Carlos, Arizona
Sioux (Oglalla)..................................... Pine Ridge, South Dakota
Umatilla............................................... Nespilem, Washington
Palouse............................................... Nespilem, Washington
Columbia River.................................... Nespilem, Washington
Yakima............................................... Nespilem, Washington
Sac and Fox........................................ Sac and Fox Agency, O. T.
Ottowa................................................ Sac and Fox Agency, O. T.
Shawnee............................................. Sac and Fox Agency, O. T.
Kickapoo............................................ Sac and Fox Agency, O. T.
Modoc................................................ Quapaw, O. T.
Sioux (Brule)....................................... Rosebud, South Dakota
Sioux (Yankton).................................. Rosebud, South Dakota
Yuma.................................................. Yuma, Arizona
Diegueno............................................. Yuma, Arizona
Cocopah............................................. Yuma, Arizona
Potowatima......................................... Grand Junction, Michigan
Pima.................................................... Sacaton, Arizona
Papago................................................ Sacaton, Arizona
Yuma Apache..................................... Agua Caliente, Arizona
Diegueno, Mission Indians................... Mesa Grande, California
Serrano............................................... Mission Indians, Banning
Cahuilla............................................... Mission, San Jacinto
Desert Cahuilla.................................... Mission, Cocahella
San Felippe......................................... Mission, Pala
Chanehuevi.......................................... Mission, Coechella
Mojave............................................... San Carlos, Arizona
Pomo.................................................. Ukiah, California
Ukiah.................................................. Ukiah, California
He mentioned that he would be leaving for Needles the next morning.[253]
On the 2nd of February before he left Mesa Grande, he wrote Hubbell that in the near future he expected to paint more Apache and Navajo portraits for him. He would be at needles, California, when it was already warm. He liked Mesa Grande on top of the mountains, a fine place with fine land for farming. "Quite a number of white people live up here and farm" he said.[254]
A month and a half later he had been to Carson City and saw the Washoe Indians nearby. He promised to send Hubbell eight red drawings. These would represent Diegueno, Mojave, Tule River, Washoe and Piute. He hadn't found any Piute there and so would go on to Reno where he knew there were some living in town on a small reserve. He asked Hubbell if he had seen Jo Mora - he had not heard from him after he left the Hopi country. At Carson City, he drew two Washoe: Gah-kah-choe and Mad Dog.[255]
By the end of March 1901, Burbank had gone to Wadsworth, Nevada and on the 31st, he wrote to Holmes that, "Yes, he carried a camera with him but only took pictures of the Indian homes, dances, etc." He told the Indians he only made portraits by hand so he didn't want to offend them by taking their photos. Holmes had asked about photos Burbank might have taken and he agreed to send whatever Holmes might find interesting.[256] He was with the Piutes a short time and had found some of those Indians good subjects and painted them. He hoped to leave in a. week for Elko, Nevada where he could be among the Shoshone.
Two weeks later on April 20th, Burbank had gone back to Reno and then eastward. to Elko, Nevada. Now Burbank became hostile with Hubbell because he never let him know when he received any of the portraits Burbank had been sending. Burbank had to insure every painting and the insurance was only good for two months. It was important to know if the pictures were arriving safely. Burbank was also appalled at the San Francisco disaster and all the destruction that had occurred within the city. After his Nevada trip he had plans to return to San Francisco.
At Elko he had been painting the Shoshone, but he found them very difficult, the hardest to get to sit for him. On May 3rd he wrote to Hubbell saying that he had two good portraits for him and that he was having good success with the Digger Indians at Elko who made fine blankets. The two persons were a Shoshone and Im-who-che, a Tule River Indian.[257]
He also became a bit agitated that Holmes had given Burbank a list of Indians he wanted portraits of, but failed to mention any payment. Burbank replied, "I cannot do that, as all of the finished portraits are in the East. Mr. Ayer owns most of them, and the others are owned by other parties. I make from 25 to 30 portraits of every tribe I visit, and try to get portraits of the different ages in both sexes commencing with a child who is old enough to sit for a portrait."
Holmes asked for copies of paintings. The list he sent Burbank contained Indians at places he had already been.
"I shall visit most of the tribes again, and if you must wish, I will make portraits of those tribes in the red crayon for the Smithsonian as any other tribes you may wish. I shall remain in Nevada until I get portraits of all the different Indians in this State and then I will return to California and finish up these."[258]
Now Burbank said to Hubbell, "Write me at Johannesburg in Kern County, where I will try to get the Indians there." He sent Hubbell eleven red drawings by Wells Fargo Express which represented the Piute, Shoshone, Digger, Maidu, and Kukah Indians and one Panamint. He said he only got two Panamint Indians on this trip to sit for him and not a single Panamint woman would allow him to paint her picture. The Shoshone Panamint Indians lived in a wide area around the Panamint Valley in rancherias near the Mojave River. Problems in reaching these Indians centered on the fact that while there had been 150 of this tribe around the mining town of Darwin about twenty-five years earlier; they had dwindled away to a handful now.
At the base of the Tehachapi Mountains at the Tejon Ranch, Burbank found a small group of Tejon Indians. A rancher had allowed them to come to his place and work there, picking fruit and making baskets. There Burbank sketched at least Eh-Sey-reh; Two-see-e; Nah-hoha-trum; Bett-trah; Hah-re-Naldo and Do-min-gah. Like many other Indians names, these were phoneticized versions of given Spanish names.
Burbank was led from place to place by Persons who knew the whereabouts of the Indians who remained in the area. His precise itinerary is never clear but he managed to find a small group of Tejon Indians at another ranch in the Tehachapi Mountains working for the owner who raised a variety of fruits.
He heard that there was another group of Panamint Indians who lived in the region near Death Valley. To get to them, he had to go by stagecoach through one of the most rugged areas of North America. Only 12 of the tribes remained in the hills around the town. He waited for than to come. In a few days "John" came to town to trade, but had doubts about posing because other members of his tribe who had been photographed had promptly died, or at least that was the story.
John pointed to a peak 5 miles away where the rest of the tribe lived. Burbank took the stagecoach. The driver, a graduate of Yale University had almost died of thirst in the desert at one time, but was found by the Indians who helped him. When he arrived at the Camp, the Indians ran off, afraid he would paint their picture. He learned that at the mining camp of Darwin there lived two Panamint women who had married white men. When he arrived there, the women were playing cards. As soon as they saw him, they screamed and ran off. His reputation had preceded him; they were afraid they would photograph them. Burbank claimed that he never had the opportunity to paint the portrait of a Panamint, but there is one red crayon illustration of Wha-kane which he did at Ballarat, near Death Valley.
A ranger who gave Burbank lodging told him that two more Panamint Indian women had married white men at another mining camp 20 miles from Darwin. Burbank went over to see them, found them, but they too ran off screaming.
With July's summer heat Burbank went back to Los Angeles. He felt better than he had in years; his health was better and he didn't feel a bit nervous, but just wanted a vacation. The quickness with which he moved from place to place and the transportation he used remains somewhat of a mystery, but nonetheless, his regular letters to Hubbell and others testify to his remarkable pace.[259]
By October 24, 1906, he was seeing Indians of seven different tribes around Covelo in Mendocino County, California, an area he described as a fine valley surrounded with mountains. He sent Hubbell 15 red drawings, "all fine types." These included the Ukiah which Burbank thought were the most important of those seven tribes. They were divided into several groups; were very intelligent and most of them owned their own land. A few of the Ukies he sketched were Sool-ah-boo, Tessie, and Schock-o-wah. Other groups included the Wylacki, Pomo, and Lower Klamath.
On October 24th, Burbank made plans to visit the Hoopa in northern California. First he would travel to San Francisco, take a boat for Eureka, transfer to a train, and then go by stage the last 40 miles. Arriving there he sketched such Hoopa as Peck-an-Billie, Redwood, Na-chic-tah, and others; he labeled the trip a big success.[260]
Exactly a month later, on November 15th, he was at Arcata in Humboldt County, twelve miles north of Eureka close to the ocean. Here among the group he sketched Mad River War, Schah-asch-she-pro, and Lah-gah-wood-ey.[261]
One week later Burbank wrote to Holmes at the Bureau from Carson City, Nevada. He related some visits to tribes he had seen earlier. He said that he had returned and was "elated by what he had accomplished the portraits of a wide selection of Indians he felt were virtually unknown.
Burbank had a good opinion of the California Indians. He thought they were industrious, not at all lazy, and certainly law-abiding. At Elk Creek in the vicinity of Sacramento, he found the Nomelacquie in Kar-la-bie and Chief Wee-te-luck.
Burbank thought that the Wylackies (Wailaki) and Ukies (Yuki) of Round Valley were the most important of the seven tribes in California. He regarded them as intelligent and expressed surprise that most of than owned their own land. At Covelo and Ukiah, California, he found the Ukies. There he had the chance to sketch more than fifteen of the Indians. At Colfax, he sketched at least three "Digger" Indians, some Cook-oo-lah; at Ukia, some Neuwock (Miwock); at Groveland, the Pit River Indians, the Na-po at Ukiah and about sixty Pomo at the same place. He wrote of the Mad River Indians at Arcada, a number of Hoopla Indians at a site near Arcata and the Maidu at Chico, California. The Maide were unnamed except for Say-Kah-nee-ah, Shoe-my-me and Yam-wee.
He still wanted to find more Piutes to paint, but if he didn't find the faces he wanted he would go where he could go to find them. He also wanted some Washoes and particularly because there was a woman named Dat-so-lah-lee who was regarded as the finest maker of baskets of any Indian living. Burbank said disdainfully, "a white man controls her work and some of her baskets are sold at $1,500.00."
Right after the New Year in 1907, Burbank arrived back in Los Angeles, after venturing allover California to paint portraits of members of 45 different tribes. He had gone into southern Arizona a few days earlier, but it rained and snowed so much and the roads were so muddy that he concluded that it was best to return to California. He told Hubbell to write him at 231 South Hill Street in Los Angeles. Again he asked about Jo Mora.
The Graphic of January 12th reported Burbank had returned from Oregon, where bad weather, snow, and mud made his work among the Indians very fatiguing. The magazine reported on Burbank's visit to 56 tribes. In the article there was an account of an incident at Elk Creek where Burbank met a Concow or Koncow Indian who was married to a squaw of another tribe. Their only means of communication with one another was by English.[262]
By January 14th, Burbank had decided to go to Gila in Maricopa County, Arizona. He would leave that night and wrote Hubbell and said that at last he had seen Jo Mora who was happily married and living at Ocean Park, near Los Angeles, California. If in fact he went to Arizona, he did not write of it because on February 12, he was in Los Angeles lamenting that he had caught a cold and thought when he was better he'd go out among the Indians.[263]
In late March 1907, Burbank went to the Colorado River at Needles, the "headquarters of the Mojave" to make some interesting chalk drawings. Several of those he "captured" were Mah-Tel-lo, Ooch-u-ha-wah, Pum-ah-o-key-wah. The chalk drawings were exhibited at the Blanchard Gallery. The Mojave he worked with lived on both sides of the Colorado River, but not in large settlements; there dwellings were scat-tered. They hunted very little, did some farming and were very disorganized. Burbank commented on the difficulty in getting more than two together at a time. By April 6, he had returned to Los Angeles.[264] He told a reporter that he had spent 10 years of hard work, doing about 1,000 portraits. These he told a reporter had not yet been bought and placed in a museum. The article in The Graphic, in April reported that Burbank was thinking of establishing a permanent residence in Los Angeles.[265]
Perhaps a feeling of remorse had set in because his wife had threatened to divorce him. But his efforts to establish a home were at best feeble. He scarcely wrote of his divorce and apparently made little or no attempt to fight the action. On June 5, 1908, his wife Blanche, "The Belle of Rockford," was granted an interlocutory divorce on the grounds of desertion - she had not seen nor heard from him in several years. His family was also appalled since they felt as much deserted as his wife.
Burbank's Studio, 2522 West 94th Street, Los Angeles, California, 1983
What he did or where he went between June and October is not known. The Graphic reported on October 20, 1907 that his exhibit at Kanst Studio of the Navajo paintings had been excellently reviewed. The Los Angeles Times reported that Burbank had said that the Hopi and Navajo were the only picturesque Indians now left to the brush of the artist. Both Periodicals said he planned to go back among the Hopi and Navajo within two weeks.[266]
After the divorce, Burbank needed to see his old friend Hubbell. On October 25th he wrote to him from Los Angeles County saying he would go by train to Gallup. He asked, "if it were convenient, could Hubbell send a team to Gallup for him on October 6th, when he would be there ready to go out to his place?"[267]
In February 1908, Burbank went from Hubbell's trading post to Needles to do more red crayon drawings of the Mojave. He finished a self portrait from a looking glass and liked it very much. He put his name under it, and Harvard, Illinois which he explained to Hubbell was his birthplace. As for the Mojave they remained so suspicious that he was still having difficulty doing portraits and even getting them to sit. He told Hubbell he didn't know where he was going next, nonetheless he managed to get twelve red drawings of the Mojave girls, but none of the older people would sit for him so he concluded that it was best to return to Los Angeles.
In Los Angeles on March 6, he made an attempt to do some red drawings of some Sioux that were out at a local park, but whether he was successful or not, he did not indicate.[268]
The Graphic reported on April 4th that Burbank had just returned from the Navajo reservation and that he was exhibiting at the Kanst Gallery,
not only a large number of really remarkably clever Indian heads, but is showing his versatility in another direction. He is exhibiting what he terms a nude, executed in paste. It is a surprise and quite different from what we expected, but beautifully done. The most prudish can have no fear in going to see it. The writer was most pleasantly surprised. A clever view of the Lincoln statue in Chicago by Augustine Saint Gaudens, is shown by this artist, with a group of colored people in the foreground which portrays the artist's deep appreciation of sentiment.[269]
On the 15th, Burbank had another exhibit at the Steckel Galleries at 336 one-half South Broadway, featuring his work among the tribes of California and Oregon. The show was to run until May 2nd according to The Graphic.
By the 23rd of April, Burbank had gone on to San Francisco. He expressed surprise that the city had been quickly rebuilt after the earthquake and fire. He had already learned that his exhibition was doing well in Los Angeles. That week, back in Los Angeles he called on Jo Mora, who was a father; his wife having given birth to a baby boy.
The Graphic of May 9, 1908 told of the exhibit of Burbank's at the Kanst Galleries, 642 South Spring Street in Los Angeles, pointing out his work among many tribes. In Oregon alone he had found twenty-nine distinct tribes. The article printed up as follows:
Ukiahs 24 left
Maidu 40 left
Tejon 30
Menwock 12
Mad River 12
Panamint 10
Sum-pum 2
Kobahlmen 8
Me-ten-eek 2
Big Meadow 12
Wintoon 12
There are only a few Indians left in each of the following tribes: Na-po, Shock-o-wah, Koo-koo, tah, Lodge-plah, Techachapi, South Fork, Piute, San Luis Rey, San Fellippo, Pala Tribe (very old), Warner Ranch, Agua Caliente, Temecula, Soboba, Serranno, Cabrilla, San Ignatio, Desert Cahiulla.[270]
The Graphic noted that Burbank had again gone among the Navajo. He confirmed from Keams Canyon that he was, indeed, traveling through Navajo country. That same magazine reported on May 18-19, that at the galleries in Los Angeles, Burbank showed three gold canvasses, "The Old Musician," another of a Negro "Mammy" being reflected in a looking glass; another of a Negro boy resting after an inordinate fill of watermelon with several large juicy cuts still in front of him. Whether these were the original paintings done some years before or were copies. Burbank had made from the older ones is not known.[271]
Elbridge was conveniently ensconced in Navajo country during this time. He wrote to The Graphic, in August 1908, that he had been at Keams Canyon studying the Navajo, and making important pictures of them.
On this trip Burbank had painted maybe some of his best non-portraits. These were paintings of the "Hope Snake Dance" purportedly for a museum, and which stressed details of the dancers' costumes.
The Los Angeles Times reported the chief interest of his exhibit had been historical and ethnological rather than artistically spellbinding. Burbamed with delight. Each of these very special paintings were put into the Kanst Gallery exhibit almost at the time he had arrived back in Los Angeles. "The Navajo Indians Gambling by Firelight," "The Navajo Indians Gambling in their Hogan," receiving equal praise and each reflected a great deal of detail. The lengthy description in the newspaper hailed Burbank's work.
The Hopi Snake Dance painted for a museum stresses the various facts connected with the dancing braves. Consequently its chief interest is historical and ethnological rather that artistic. Navajo Indians Gambling by Firelight and Navajo Indians Gambling in their Hogan represent practically the same group of men presenting artistic problems as antipodal as the poles. Yet both are painted by a strong hand and are perhaps the most complete things Burbank has yet done.
In arrangement and composition the daylight picture is perhaps the better of the two though the night scene is by no means conspicuously at fault. The former sparkles with the white light of any day falling from above almost with shadows, while the latter glooms with the rich chiarascure cast on the adobe walls by the smouldering daylight.
The intent daylight gamblers are seated on a strikingly painted blue rug. Their calico shirts, green, purple, yellow, make vivid spots of color. In the background hang a gray rug and the skin of a wild goat. The value of the shirt of the man whose head is projected against and of the goatskin itself are so nearly identical that none but a master of painting could differentiate them successfully. Mr. Burbank had done it with apparent ease. See how absorbed the men are in the game, how various the expressions, how individual the faces. Each dusky down bent head is truly a portrait as every head in Rembrandt's Anatomy lecture.[272]
The Los Angeles Times reviewer said that "One of the most important canvasses to be shown is the Hopi Snake Dance full of intense interest, good in color, composition and drawing; very life-like and well executed." The other painting which attracted attention was the band of Navajo squatting on the earthen floor of a hogan, playing cards by firelight. Other canvasses displayed reflected the Navajo daily life within the hogan; the weaving of blankets. For this, the Navajo had achieved prominence.[273]
Burbank was still hoping to sell the Snake Dance painting to the Santa Fe Railway and thought he'd make a profitable deal on it, but on September 12th, he helped ready another exhibit of fourteen Hopi canvasses at the Kanst Galleries; his major Paintings remained un-sold.[274]
During this same trip Burbank painted at least fourteen portraits including War Chief Manuelito and two White Mountain Apache: Zepah and Tegest who must have been visiting the Navajo as the Apache often did to trade.
One incident marred Burbank's elation over his work. He wrote Hubbell that there had been a misunderstanding with his girlfriend. He felt badly over the whole affair. Apparently Burbank thought he saw his girlfriend with someone else and the person turned out to be another girl who looked like her; at least, he said, "that was his girlfriend's story." He couldn't understand what had caused his behavior except jealousy, but during September he brooded over the matter for several weeks.[275]
On September 24th he wrote a letter, but the name of the recipient is not given. He set a price of $8,000 for the Navajo gambling picture but would let this party have it for $500.00. Possibly he was writing to Hubbell. He had planned to send the picture to the Art Institute in Chicago to exhibit but would hold that up until a decision was made on the sale. He had made no deal on the Hopi Snake Dance picture, hoping some museum would buy it, but he decided he would not let it "go cheaply."[276]
How Burbank achieved so much in such a short time has proven astonishing. Besides the pictorial scenes of the Indians mentioned, he did a portrait of Lorenzo Hubbell and some other portraits; he did some sketches of Navajo Card Players, a turquoise necklace, the interior of Hubbell's Trading Post and a Navajo God. Of the Hopi he did the Snake Dance and portraits of Kah-eh, Kah-ah, Kah-lah-cha, and others.
By March 18, 1909, he was at Laguna, New Mexico among some of the Pueblo Indians, and from Albuquerque sent Hubbell thirty-nine red drawings. He had already sent Hubbell a set of red crayon drawings of a Mojave male and a Mojave woman. Burbank intended to go to Acoma and then to Hackenburg, Arizona to sketch some Havasupai. He had just finished two portraits of Laguna Puebloans. He told Hubbell from Hackenburg, "don't be surprised if I go to Los Angeles, and from there to the Campo Indians in California."[277] Campo was a settlement and reservation of eighteen Dieguenos, 170 miles away from the Mission Tule River Agency which had control over the Campo reservation. Campo Indians were living on 280 acres of unproductive land in the back country of San Diego, California.
But Burbank had not gone to California at all; rather he began a tour of the Pueblo villages: Zia, a singe pueblo on the north bank of the Jemez River, sixteen miles northwest of Bernalillo and sketched Se-i-we-mah and We-y-shone; then to Taos, a Tiwa pueblo on both sides of the Taos River to sketch Der-we-low-yellow and Paph. Then on to San Juan, a Tewa Pueblo on the northeast bank of the Rio Grande, northwest of Santa Fe to do Quan o-p and Tan-pes-now-ah; and next to Sandia, a Tiwa Pueblo on the east bank of the Rio Grande, twelve miles north of Albuquerque to do Pah-que and Luisano-Lujan.
Burbank then moved to Name, a pueblo some sixteen miles north of Santa Fe on the Nambe River to sketch Moe-eh-ahn-yeh and Teyn-you-soum-wy and to San Yldefonso, a Tewa pueblo on the east bank of the Rio Grande, eighteen miles northwest of Santa Fe, a settlement with 100 people in it then to do Oku-ah-syd-eh.
Teseque came next, the southern most of the pueblos of the Tewa located eight miles north of Santa Fe and there he sketched Han-nan-toe and Te-o-whe-low; from there moving to Santa Clara picking up Ah-co-ahn-ney, and to Santo Domingo, a Keresan pueblo fourteen miles above Bernalillo to do Ke-veh-jah.
Then came Laguna, 45 miles west of Albuquerque where he enjoyed very much doing Seeley, Yah-me-zah and Woid-yah, who was dressed in the dance costume; he was one of the head men of the Laguna Puebloans; Burbank also drew ZuZuish-la. Then to Jemez pueblo, twenty miles northwest of Bernalillo to draw Whe-shing, O-Chin, and Chief Fo-lo-ho-pay.
Burbank then moved to San Felipe, a Keresan pueblo on the west bank of the Rio Grande, twenty-seven miles southwest of Santa Fe and there drew Emanuel-Tenerio and Mah-te. He traveled to Cochito, a Keresan tribe on the west bank of the Rio Grande, twenty-seven miles southwest of Santa Fe and found one Indian; Se-o-low-o who would let him draw.
Isleta is a Tiwa pueblo on the west bank of the Rio Grande twelve miles south of Albuquerque where Domingo me-ah-Ijiah, Hoe-dah and Ho-tah were drawn. At Acoma, Burbank found Hah-not-tie and he found them at Fort Stanton where Oah-Montoya and Mon-well, similarly corrupted Spanish words were found as in the California Indian names.
While at Acoma he decided to go about 25 miles from Laguna where he saw a fine old church. It was a season when the Indians were decorating for some festivities. He went inside the church and saw twelve large oil paintings as large as doors. He found eleven of them had been ruined by dew damp, but one was in good condition. It was a fine picture of a saint holding the infant Christ in his hand which had been painted by "Moro (sic) a great Spanish artist."[278]
Moving westward he drew some of the Hualapai in north central and western Arizona. He returned to Los Angeles around the 22nd of April from a stay with Campo group near San Diego painting Mah-re-ah and Wok-k-no. They lived 51 miles by stage east of San Diego and this time he viewed a "surely poor sorry lot of Indians." While the land was good where they lived, the white man had occupied it and the Indians lived among the rocks. He said he had not finished the list of red drawings for his uncle but was afraid he would have to go to Oklahoma to finish them and he was not ready not to leave California.[279]
By April 22 when he returned to Los Angeles he sent to Hubbell by express six more red drawings which included the Acoma, Hualapi, Zui-sti-yailah and Pack-ah-me-toe.
During May he was busy with his annual exhibit of Arizona Indian studies at the Kanst Galleries which included "heads of Indian girls" shown to the public. He had expected to go to Ganado during June but during June he was preoccupied with another matter.[280] He and Nettie B. Taber, a stenographer, married on June 10, 1909. He gave his age as 50; this was his second marriage. Nettie of Los Angeles was 22; this was her second marriage. Her father was Mr. J. S. Kalblinger of Pennsylvania and her mother was Sarah Jane Maple of Iowa.[281]
Apparently Elbridge and his bride went to Ganado. The only evidence for his trip is a letter he wrote to Hubbell that they were in Los Angeles and that the little landscapes painted at Ganado had attracted a lot of attention in the big city. Burbank was thinking of opening a studio in Los Angeles for the winter.
Hubbell inquired as to who had been reproducing Burbank's portraits. It had been the Paper Mills Company, 319-327 5th Avenue in Chicago. Burbank was having a set of the six most noted Indian chiefs he had painted reproduced in photogravure, hoping for a good sale. The set was to include Geronimo, Naiche, Red Cloud, Two Moon, Pretty Eagle and Joseph, all recognized chiefs. He was working hard on the set of portraits and had them all ready for reproduction but one.[282]
The Graphic of May 1, 1909, running a bit behind on events, reported that Burbank was back in Los Angeles taking a rest, having been to see the Campo Indians, one and a half miles from the Mexican border. Burbank had told the reporter that only 50 or 60 of this interesting tribe were left. He had heard of this group as he was traveling among other groups who thought that they might not even still exist so he made very great efforts to reach and record them. He had a commission from the Field Museum of Chicago to make 270 red crayon drawings of Pueblo Indians. While he had done 90 the previous summer of 1908, he still had 160 to be done and that bothered him.[283]
On May 3rd he sent four red drawings of Geronimo, Red Cloud, Joseph and Pretty Eagle to Hubbell for $8.00 each saying they were "just as grand," and looked the same as though he had taken them direct from life. These were, of course, copies of the studies of them he had himself made from life in an earlier era. As an afterthought he told Hubbell to note on the bottom of each, "copyright 1909" by E .A. Burbank.[284]
His Ganado landscapes sold immediately, but Burbank did not say to whom, and he sent out an order of pictures and frames to a local dealer. Burbank sounded happy. He and his bride had gone to Balboa Beach, near Newport Beach, California where they saw President Howard Taft vacationing. Burbank hoped he and Nettie could go east before long, perhaps he could take her to meet his family. They were living at the Perceval Hotel at Hill and 9th Street in Los Angeles. Periodically he went out to Balboa Beach where he painted landscapes and cottages. He was selling them and named a few parties who had become his customers.
Burbank's photogravure reproductions (a process for making prints from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods) of the six chiefs had come out just fine. He had had a chance to see the proofs as they were being run off. In early December he mailed a set to Hubbell and asked him he liked the photogravures. He did fairly well with them. Even "the government had bought a set for the Smithsonian Institute."
He continued to experience difficulty in keeping track of which red crayon sketches he had been sending to Hubbell and what Hubbell had been giving him in return: cash or goods. Burbank admitted to being a "molly cuddle" when it came to the bookkeeping - he had made errors in his books. Mrs. Burbank continued to stay close, going everywhere with him.
Burbank finally took Nettie with him to visit his family in Harvard, Illinois. Not until late July 1910 did he have any communication with any of his western colleagues. The trip was apparently planned to negotiate sales of some of his work and to arrange several exhibitions. How these negotiations were made is not clear, for it would appear that Burbank would never have initiated such an arrangement himself. For him to have arranged for exhibits or to undertake promotion was completely out of character.
He wrote to Hubbell that he had not sold the Snake Dance picture and that he had been in Chicago several times to look after pictures -it was "fearfully not Harvard." He expected to have another exhibition at Marshal Fields Department Store in October. Burbank managed to sell many of his baskets and other curios, a few at a time. He would later be sorry for such hasty transactions when he began to realize the monetary value of the artifacts. He sent Hubbell some Hopi ceremonial snakes and Hopi belts in exchange for Navajo blankets - the ones "with the black, white and gray in them," which he would be able to better sell in and around Chicago.
A month later he sent a drawing to Hubbell of an Ojibway (Chippewa) Indian for $8.00. This one had been drawn while Burbank was in Philadelphia several years earlier. There was a carnival and a lot of Ojibway were there. He had been able to get some of them to sit for him. He described the figure as a fine type and dressed in their native costume. Now Burbank seemed pleased that he had sold 50 drawings to an Easterner whose name he did not mention.
At last on October 2nd, he reported that he had sold the Snake picture to Mr. Butler of Youngstown, Ohio, which would hang in the public library in that city. A few weeks later Marshall Field and Company Picture Galleries in Chicago held a special exhibition of Burbank's oil paintings and drawings from October 17 to 29, 1910.[285] He was elated to be in the limelight and Nettie's pride in her husband's work pleased Burbank. Among the exhibits were 20 in oil and 10 drawings.
Finally, as a present to Hubbell he sent him a red drawing of Chief Sitting Bull. He had to make the picture from a photograph because the Chief had been dead for several years, but Burbank wrote, "the photograph is a fine one, has never been retouched."
Although it is likely that Burbank did not see the exhibit, one authority write on 1910 that Burbank had an exhibit at the Hotel del Monte in Monterey, California, where people saw his "Mammy" and white Benezet so delightfully called the negroes Peaux-Rouges.[286]
In mid-January 1911, the Burbanks were still in Harvard, Illinois, and while certain newspaper stories suggested they had been to the Navajo and Hopi villages, they remained in Harvard and Rockford for part of the year. There an unidentified buyer had wanted to purchase 100 red drawings already done.
In February, Burbank planned to take his wife to Ganado sometime in the spring. He wanted to paint another picture of Hubbell's Trading Post, one about 30 x 40, showing a group of Indians trading their pottery and blankets.
One month later Burbank told Hubbell he could have a red drawing of Keokuk, also one of a relative of Tecemseh, the Shawnee, and some other noted chiefs that Hubbell didn't have. Burbank apparently was copying some photographs since he also promised an oil portrait of Manuelito the Navajo chief "the same as photograph 18-22." This suggests that at least until this time he had not gone back to the Indian country.[287]
In August, Pa Burbank wrote a friend that Elbridge now had his headquarters at Ganado, and that he was "itinerating." At least ten Navajo portraits appear on inventories dated 1910-1911. The date of the two large oils of Navajo life, which hung in the Trading Post, and were a center of attraction to visitors, is 1911.
Burbank would be especially proud to know that when the United States government acquired the Hubbell Trading Post and it became a U.S. National Monument, that all of the paintings which he had sold or traded to Hubbell during the years of his work also became a part of the inventory of the Department of the Interior, U.S. National Park Service. Burbank's paintings belong to the people of the United States and are for everyone to see and enjoy.
Perhaps the most revealing letters in the Burbank story are written by Elbridge's father to Alice Blanche (Lot) and are presented here in their entirety for an unusual perspective of a father looking at his son as an artist.
August 15, 1911:
From Pa Burbank to Lot. I am in an old mill all alone and I don't want anyone to know I am writing to you. What you say about E- is in a way largely true. I have heard but once from him ... he goes from place to place ... I don't think his wife cares to have him come back and locate here. I think she would prefer to live in Chicago. I don't think E- could get enough work painting Indians in Chicago ... there is but little of any call for Indian heads or composition pictures. E. has had and has still a number of Indian pictures in art stores in Chicago, St. Paul and St. Louis which don't find demand. You know Beth(?) The portrait painter who some years ago used to be with E- out amongst the Indians and who used to paint with him. Then he was exceedingly hard up--even borrowed money from E-. Today he is classed amongst the greatest and best portraits in the U. S. and is getting 2500 dollars for a full sized portrait and has all he can do. He has no particular studio. He gets all his orders through O'Brien and goes to the different homes of his subjects and paints them there. The last time I was in Chicago I had the pleasure of seeing one of his recent and last works- that of a prominent lady in Chicago-- and of all the portraits I ever saw this was the most real and life like. The pose - the coloring was simply marvelous (here Pa Burbank goes on at length to describe it) ... and to think that but a few short years ago he was getting E- to criticize and help him in his work. Now he is independent. Gets all he can do from the wealthy class. Of Comm. O'Brien gets 25% of what orders he gets. But Beth will very soon become independent of him. I see by the papers that he and his wife are touring it out west somewhere but will soon return to Chicago. "I was always anxious and urgent to have E- make a specialty of portrait work because he had a wonderful aptitude in this direction being so absolutely correct in getting perfect likeness. I know he would never make a success of composition-picture painter for anything. He has no facility for improving he must paint things as they are. His imagination could supply anything neither in a composition picture or a face. If a wart or disfigurement is on the face he has got to paint it just as it is. If he could spend 6 months or a year abroad and give his attention to portrait painting he would be alright. But he does not have the means to do this. I would be glad to keep him had I the means and if we succeed in selling our property on Main Street he shall have the money. I don't know how happy he is getting along with his wife. I only hope he is happy. Of course you know he is a peculiar make up and I believe that there are few women who could find any real or great comfort or happiness with him on account of his peculiar disposition. He is noble and good and generous to a fault. And morally speaking I believe he is about perfect and yet he is peculiar, seems to like to be alone by himself, don't care for society. I should not allow myself to worry at all about him. Some day he may wake up to a different atmosphere and be able to see things in a different way. He is physically perfectly well. Yes he is a good noble guy in many ways, has faults as do we all. He is easily influenced by the sayings of some and I think is apt to give credence so much that has no existent touch. Of course you know he is somewhat hasty in his judgment and that what he wants he wants right away. Someday I may see you and will talk with you. Don't make any mention of my writing. I have always had a feeling of sympathy for you but I do think you are better off as you are at present.
Affect. Pa B.[288]
Harvard, November 21, 1911. My Dear Lot.
E seems to be itinerating, getting subjects for composition pictures. I think his headquarters are in Ganado. Still we get an occasional letter written at Gallup and other places. He does not write very often anyway. His wife is with him and judging from his letters I should think he was contented and happy. He is well, better than he has been in sometime. He seems to be very undecided as to where he will locate. Were I in your place I would not allow myself to worry about him. Nor to anticipate anything for my belief is that he has settled down to remain as he is for good. I think he is fond of his wife and has full faith in her. She won many friends while here and this of course pleased him. He may come here in the Spring and remain during the Summer months. He is not selling many pictures and I think he is somewhat pinched for money. This is of course merely a conjecture. I would not build up my hopes of any reunion were I you. Sometime I will see you and will talk with you about what I would not care to write.
Affect. Pa Burbank[289]
Whatever hold E. A. Burbank had on his wives appear to have been compelling. From all appearances in spite of his "long leaves of absence," he cared for them financially and was good to them. In December 1911, his ex-wife Blanche made contact with his attorney in an attempt to locate him. M. M. Getz, Esq., told her that the last he had seen of Burbank was at Ganado. Nothing was said of his newest wife.[290]
In March Pa Burbank again wrote to Lot. He warned they should be careful about their correspondence. He said that Elbridge was still in Ganado and he didn't know when he would be home. One may conclude that Blanche still kept hopes that Elbridge would return to her. But by April 28th, Nettie Burbank wrote Hubbell from Harvard saying how badly she felt having had to leave Ganado for it felt like home to her. She reported that her husband was busy on a series of books for primary work in the public schools. She thought he would develop into an author as well as an artist. The books never came to be; Burbank was simply too busy to complete the task.[291]
In May, Burbank fixed up his studio in Harvard, was selling blankets for Hubbell, and meeting with the "colortype" people about reproducing Hubbell's blanket patterns. During the Month of May 1912, he attempted to do quite a bit of trading with the Hubbells - weapons for Navajo blankets; California baskets for turquoise rings, and so perhaps the financial needs were still present. He was still doing red drawings for Lorenzo Hubbell at $8.00 each and sent him a portrait of an Oneida Indian warrior.[292]
Early in June, Burbank's second wife Nettie went to Chicago, and Elbridge followed along in a day or so to see if Fields would handle or purchase some of the Navajo blankets. At almost the same time on June 10, 1912, Pa Burbank wrote to Lot that "he couldn't go to Chicago to see her that week (of the 10th) but he hoped to see her, go to some quiet place for lunch and it would be alright." He cautioned, "It is hardly safe to put what you have to say on paper. If you don't hear from me say Thursday or Friday you can conclude that I can't get away. E is in Chicago for a few days."[293]
Whether Lot and Pa Burbank saw each other on that day is doubtful for on June 25, Elbridge Wrote Roman Hubbell, Lorenzo's son that Pa Burbank had died at the age of 80. Burbank spent the entire month of July settling his father's affairs. He found it difficult to face the reality of his father's death.
In August Burbank saw Lorenzo Hubbell in Chicago, but Hubbell was wrapped up in the excitement of the political convention so they had little time to visit. During the month Nettie went home to Harvard. Since his father's death, the life of the Burbanks had changed. Elbridge's mother went to Stigler, Okalahoma to live with his sister.[294]
At mid-August, Elbridge's former attorney M. M. Getz learned from Alice Blanche (Lot) of the death of Pa Burbank. He had heard that Elbridge was going to San Francisco, but no one seemed to know anything about the extent of Burbank's business. Getz presumed Burbank was going to San Francisco to set up a business with a studio located nearby when the World's Fair opened in 1915.[295]
Burbank and Nettie would return to Los Angeles, however, to settle. He anxiously awaited word from the Field Museum because he had a number of Indian pictures there on consignment. The Burbanks were now disposing of artifacts and drawings in an obvious need for money.
The Los Angeles Times reported on December 22, 1912, that Burbank had opened a permanent studio in Los Angeles.[296]
Early in 1913, Elbridge and Nettie Burbank seemed to have established some reputation for artistic work within the community. The Graphic told of Burbank's completion of a striking portrait of J. N. Laraia, the renowned musician. Burbank resided at 2620 Manitou Avenue in Los Angeles and was busily engaged on an important portrait commission. His permanent studio was located at 2522 West 9th Street, a few miles from downtown Los Angeles.
Correspondence with Roman and Dorothy Hubbell indicated there was considerable concern expressed that the accounts had not been settled. With the huge number of paintings Burbank had sent the Hubbells, he felt money was owed to him. Most of the paintings had been sold for $8.00 each. However, Burbank had apparently drawn heavily on the Hubbells who in return for the paintings had given Burbank other artifacts.[297]
In May 1913, he hoped to sell the original picture of the "Indian Boy Leaving Home" for $1,000.00. The painting, he said, was then in Seattle. In June he tried to help balance his account with Hubbell by sending Roman two more paintings he had done at Chin-Lee on the Navajo Reservation.
At no time, however, was there any apparent animosity. The relationship of the Hubbells and Burbank was one of regard and respect for each other. The two men now devised a way to help one another. In November they formed an infonna1 partnership to sell prints of the "Navajo Boy Leaving Home." While Burbank wrote to Hubbell that he was painting every day he had in fact begun to have "spells," which he thought were the result of "only temporary nervousness." Now, he wrote, "If I could but return to Ganado."
Correspondence with both Lorenzo and Roman was somewhat sporadic. They still maintained an informal partnership which involved the sale of colored prints. In that year he asked Lorenzo to send him 50 more prints of the picture "Leaving Town for the Carlisle School," which he could sell around town for 50 cents and divide that money with the Hubbells. A bit later, somewhat chagrined in not having heard from either Lorenzo or Roman, Burbank asked them for other prints of "Breaking Ties," for he would like to be able to sell them.
It seems quite probable that in 1914, a series of circumstances caused Burbank distress. The culmination of many problems, including his worsened condition, had upset Burbank. Nettie had become somewhat worldly, expecting costly furs and other luxuries that Elbridge could not afford. Burbank settled down to studio work. The physical and mental fatigue of travel and constant production of artwork had become too much for him. He was now nearly sixty years of age. The hardships of travel and life on a still rough frontier would have taken its toll on even younger men.
Burbank's wife, who was half his age, wanted a permanent place to live with stability and material goods. Burbank was still talented enough to paint a variety of subjects, but his work until then, at least since his early years, had been Indians' portraits. He regarded city scenes, landscapes, cottages, and portraits of personalities as something to sustain an existence until he could make a comeback in his field. Faced with the reality of his limitations, Burbank felt pressures and could no longer cope with his present life.
By January 1916, Burbank had moved to San Francisco. All of his problems caused him to have a nervous breakdown and Nettie, fearful for her future security, left him.
While he received good newspaper reviews of an exhibit, his works were reproductions of his old paintings. He was feeling a bit better but was very nervous and decided to go out into the country, to get fresh air. He expressed a desire to go to the mountains for just awhile to be able to paint by himself. But in San Francisco, where the lower altitude seemed to agree with him, there was still that old yearning to be back among the Indians, but he knew the chances were few. He said, "It has been several months since I have been myself due to nervousness and now I am getting over it..." While he longed to see Hubbell he must have realistically realized that the reunion would never come about.[298]
Burbank was in fact unclear on both accounts. It had been over two years since he'd first become ill. Ganado had been his panacea - there among friends he had security and the insurance of living on very little money without responsibilities. He did not have to worry about caring for someone else and paying bills. There he could use his skills as a creator and paint works-of-art. Burbank would never again revert to his old way-of-life. His health remained good, but his mental problems continued. Until his death he would be part of the active, busy world of the big city.
On January 4, 1917, the Los Angeles Times reported that Nettie Burbank had been granted a divorce from Elbridge Ayer Burbank. "Burbank was a moody person," said Nettie, "he enjoyed visiting with other, but in the evenings when his friends played cards, he painted miniature Indian pueblo scenes on canvas board. He called these 'conversation pieces.' He kept endless scrapbooks. This habit began when he discovered Indians delighted in looking at other Indians pictured in the pasted pages."
Nettie obtained the divorce when "Elbridge lost his ambition," she said, "when commissions failed and finally disappeared." She told the judge "when commissions were plentiful, there was contentment in their home, but when commissions fell off and the rent had to be paid, and with no money to meet it Mr. Burbank left home." Nettie had heard indirectly he was in Arizona, but did not know he had returned to San Francisco.[299]
On May 24, 1917, Burbank was admitted to the Napa State Hospital, 40 miles northeast of San Francisco and admitted with an "open status." The diagnosis was "manic-depressive, depressed." Burbank would again know the security of a home until he left on April 19, 1934 and then was fully discharged on February 26, 1936. During this entire time Burbank remained under psychiatric treatment. He requested and was given several leaves from the institution, many in 1933. He came and went during that year at will.
A. E. Kiser, M. D., a psychiatrist in residence at Napa State Hospital who had lived there from about 1930, came to know Burbank when he had already been a patient there thirteen years. Kiser was aware that Burbank spent much of his time in the local community doing paintings and selling the art work. The attendants at the State Hospital would destroy all of Burbank's "unsatisfactory work" which he did while in his depressed periods. When he was mentally alert and well his painting, done at the hospital grounds, was excellent. It is unfortunate that most of the works were destroyed. These sketches could have been used as a contrast study.[300]
Writing from Napa State Hospital in Napa, California on May 14, 1918, Burbank told Roman Hubbell that he had heard that Roman's father had died. Burbank told Roman that "No one knows how I regret the nervous breakdown I had." Burbank said he was told he had spoken badly of others because of the illness. His doctors and everyone at Napa had been good to him, and he hoped to leave the place soon. Looking back, he could only regret his erratic behavior and asked Roman for forgiveness. Burbank would not, however, leave the hospital on a permanent basis for another sixteen years.[301]
Dr. Kiser related that Burbank was very fond of children and when he visited Kiser's home he amused the doctor's own children by doing pencil drawings of the family and their home. They did not have a physician/patient relationship but were artist and friend. Dr. Kiser also said it was entirely possible that the pictures Burbank made which were "bad" were done at a time when he was not entirely well; and that when he improved his health the paintings were better.[302]
Burbank often spoke of how disappointed he had been in meeting Chief Rain-in-the-Face, some years after the Custer Massacre. Burbank told Kiser he had heard so much about the chief that he thought he would make a very good subject. But he turned out to be a very small man, crippled and on crutches, not wearing any Indian clothes. Because he didn't own any Indian clothes, Burbank painted him in the white man's police uniform. His memories of significant events would return to him when someone took an interest in him and his work, asking about his experiences.
Burbank mentioned his second wife only once. He said he was fond of children but his wife was not. There was a certain hostility which Burbank felt about her attitude. While at Napa, Burbank could leave the hospital at will, always knowing that the security of home, a place to which he could return at will, were available. As an artist he could do what he loved most, sell his paintings at a nominal fee, survive and never have to fear a loss of the security of a home. In the period from 1915 to 1934, Burbank painted what was geographically available. He reverted to what he had done in the years when he was much younger and just learning his profession in Europe. He painted and sketched the landscape, the environment around him and buildings. Only periodically did he interrupt this chain to do portraits which for the most part were done from photographs.[303]
In 1927 Uncle Ed Ayer passed away. If Elbridge was aware of the death of his sponsor, he never mentioned it. Since it appears he did not go very far from the hospital it is probable that he did not attend the funeral.
Between 1927 and 1933 Burbank painted more than 100 known landscapes in Napa Valley, Sonoma, and San Francisco. These ranged from the Napa Valley, Mt. Tamalpais and Mt. St. Helen, to the Japanese Tea Gardens in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. He sketched the Mandarin Theatre and the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco; Fisherman's Wharf, General Vallejo's residence in Sonoma using for the most part lead and colored pencils. The works appear in various sizes in several newspaper stories and in private collections.
Dr. Kiser said that he had seen Burbank "blow up" or become agitated only once. He always stayed in his room when either mental condition occurred. Even though Burbank had mental problems he kept himself in good physical condition for a man his age by walking.
On April 19, 1934, Burbank left the Napa State Hospital because of a permanent release which had been requested by Dr. Joseph Cotton of San Francisco. The doctor had taken an interest in Burbank and had him released in his care. While he would not be formally discharged until February 26, 1936, he appeared to be in reasonable health for a man of more than 75 years of age. Burbank went to live at the Manx Hotel in San Francisco.[304]
Alfred Silva had worked at the hospital as an orderly at Napa, and owned 100 of Burbank's paintings, but when the depression hit the country he had to sell his house and the paintings to a collector "for almost nothing." Silva knew that Burbank had left a heritage to the country not equaled by any other artist. Burbank told Silva that he had the largest collection except for the Huntington Library at San Marino, California. Every picture Silva got from him he paid for -- I took him in my car to all the historical places around, Lake County, Santa Clara County, Solano County, Contra Costa County, and Sonoma County and he drew pictures of historical places."[305]
Some of those pictures and many others were accepted by the San Francisco Chronicle for which Burbank was paid. Silva visited Burbank in the bay area, and Burbank went to live with him in a small rooming house; Silva cooked dinner for him every night. After he moved to the Manx Hotel, Silva says, Burbank began to fail rapidly.
During 1934, Burbank sketched Belvedere Cove, the Golden Gate Bridge Towers, Sather Gate and the Campanile at the University of California, Berkeley all during April, May and June -1934. He was called a "staff artist" on the San Francisco Chronicle although his work was sporadic and probably more of a free lance nature. He sketched various points of interest and provided several sentences of historical background for the reader.[306]
In 1934 when Burbank left Napa for the last time, he realized that physical limitations would prevent him from ever returning to any place where he might again sketch Indians first hand. At this point, Burbank began to change the kinds of paintings he was doing. He had already changed from Indian portraits to the landscapes and background paintings which brought him a little money, but not much. He had to earn a living by the only means at his disposal -- his artistic ability. For several decades motion picture films had led companies to publish fan magazines. This literature was particularly interesting to the public who followed the lives of the movie stars. That, coupled with the excitement of motion pictures, gave Burbank his work.
In this Period he substituted another artistic endeavor for his "San Francisco Hobby" of sketching city scenes. He made a sketch of Abraham Lincoln from a photograph. The Smithsonian wrote him that it was the finest of 100 Lincoln pictures in the Institute archives. What had taken place occurred when as a student in the Chicago Art School, the sculptor, L. W. Volk had been called to Washington to make a death mask of Lincoln. When Volk returned to the Academy he asked Burbank to make a drawing of both of the masks. The Pony Express reproduced the drawing which gave Burbank renewed vigor and some acclaim. After the praise from the Smithsonian Institution, Burbank copied the picture and sent it to the libraries of the nation. He hoped to complete one for each library in every city which had a population of more than 10,000 people. For every three he mailed out addressed from the 1940 census he received one note of thanks. His postage bill alone was enormous. He had finished the "M's" in 1949, and hoped to complete the job that year.[307]
Burbank sent pen and ink sketches or prints to everyone he thought might enjoy them and in return write to him. He heard from the Franciscan Fathers at St. Michaels in Arizona, Frederick Webb Hodge, the anthropologist at the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles, Ernest Seton Thompson and Albert Payson Terhune, all in 1937.
By 1939 he had begun an exhausting but exhilarating routine of sketching and corresponding with many different people. His print of President Lincoln had attracted wide attention and Cesar Romero, Warner Glen, Spencer Tracy, Jean Arthur, Marlene Dietrick and Fred Astaire wrote to thank him for his generosity in sending the presents. Irene Dunne received a sketch of the San Luis Rey Mission, Jeanette MacDonald wrote and in 1939 Claudette Colbert sent him a telegraph to his home at 1615 Turk Street in San Francisco wishing him a Merry Xmas, where he had temporarily taken up residence. Soon he was back at the Manx Hotel. Probably few of these stars had known of his earlier Indian portraits. They thanked him for the sketches of kittens, dogs and landscapes and drawings of miscellaneous subjects.
Una Merkel received a sketch titled "My Cabin in the Hills," another of a penguin and a third sketch of the Golden Gate Theatre where she appeared in San Francisco. Hane Withers corresponded many times with Burbank. Eddie Collins appreciated the "Indian at Fort Sill" and the sketches of the presidents.
Shirley Temple, the very young child actress wrote to the Manx Hotel to say she liked the picture of Lincoln, the cats, dogs, and Indian houses, relating how she spent parts of her acting days in school.
The Hotel Manx, San Francisco, 1983
The California Redwoods, painted circa 1934
Alice Faye, like other movie stars asked if Burbank had seen her latest picture. She enjoyed his letters and found them amusing and interesting. In that year while Faye's home had been destroyed in a fire, Burbank's paintings had been saved. She premised, when performing in Chicago, to go to the Newberry Library to see his Indian portraits,. She sent him a photo of her baby "Alice Faye Junior."
Between 1939 and 1943, he corresponded with Marie Wilson (My Friend Irma), sending her poems; Sally Eilers, Ginger Rogers, Ethel Waters, and Jean Harlow wrote to him. Frances Farmer wrote regularly and he told her he had seen her in the movie "Personal Property." She had received the print he had sent her of Gi-aum-e. Iona Massey also received that print and one of Taos Pueblo in 1941. Miss Massey told him she had been inducted as a princess in the Osage Tribe in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, a somewhat honorary title. Whenever the performer happened to mention "Indian" Burbank wrote he would send than a print of some Indian or Indian scene without their asking as he did with Myrna Lay, Jean Harlow, and Bette Davis who received an unusual sketch of "Arizona Baking Ovens."
Burbank dispatched his presidential series, Lincoln, airplanes, warships and other sketches to banks, libraries and to a school teacher in West Virginia who corresponded with him almost daily for a dozen years. They showered one another with friendship, via letters; and year after year her classes of children would write to the aging artist.
In 1939, Alice Faye hoped he was on his way to a complete recovery and thanked him for the colored picture of Robert Louis Stevenson. She hoped he would have no more trouble with his teeth. He responded by saying he had seen her in "Hello Frisco Hello."[308]
In this same time frame he began to paint pictures of some of the California Missions "as fast as he could." Hamlin, of the Pony Express Courier, had encouraged him to undertake that style of painting because he could draw on his early experience of sketching and illustrating landscapes, buildings, and street scenes.[309]
In working from other photos Burbank drew Theodore Roosevelt, General Douglas MacArthur and other famous Americans. From the Hotel Manx where he then lived, he told Lorenzo that he had not heard from Nettie since they had parted 25 years ago. He didn't know if she had remarried again, and asked Lorenzo if he knew. The last time Burbank had heard about her she was working in the garment district in Los Angeles.
In March 1936, he asked Roman if he had liked the picture of Roosevelt and commented how Roman's father Lorenzo would have wished he were a Democrat at this time in history. Burbank reminisced a bit and longed to return to Ganado. He said he knew that times were not so good; he just got by and was an old man, but he believed that Roman could help him get back on his feet financially.
As if he felt the end of his life approaching his letters rambled along asking questions which were reminders of the memories of days gone by.
Where is Red Cloud now? I hope not six foot under the sod? Did you see the drawing I made of your ranch at Ganado for Mr. Cotton? Like it was the day I arrived there in 1897. You were then five years old and you and I used to take long walks. You were a lively kid in those days and kept your old man guessing sometimes. Old Eduardo the Mexican - a good judge of whiskey - drove the teams to Gallup and back. Your father was more than nice to me. But I used to get so tired of his talking politics he wanted to get in an argument with me on politics but no chance. I was a Republican then. But I felt sorry for a Democrat who came there. Your father had no mercy on him. He bought 25 newspapers half on both sides. But he was like his two sons. He had a weak spot for the girlies same as I was then as am still now.[310]
During the days of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) when many artists were on relief, Burbank refused to have anything to do with the government plan to ease the depression. "The New Deal relief programs are for loafers," Burbank said, "I want to earn my own money and my own way."
And so he created greeting cards, pictures of famous Americans such as Charles Russell, Buffalo Bill, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Many of these were reproduced as prints and distributed in local stores. Burbank sent some to Hollywood stars and received many letters of thanks. He also did tiny oil sketches for as little as $1.00.[311]
In 1938-1939, Burbank sketched both colored and sepia prints of the Golden Gate International Exposition with the Golden Gate Bridge and the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges. These 12" x 36" panels decorated many offices and businesses in the San Francisco-Oakland area. If Burbank ever received much for these he did not say.[312]
By 1940, using photographs, Burbank sketched from those photos his favored New Mexico country and subjects: Navajo girls, Hopi Snake Rock at Walpi, San Felipe, Isleta and Jemez, New Mexico.
In 1941 he completed 70 red tint paintings of Indians from photos. He had exhibited a sketch of General Douglas MacArthur. Owen Duffy had by now acquired most of Silva's paintings since that was the person who had direct, contact with Burbank. During April Burbank sent Duffy a print of Charles Russell and autographed a print of Buffalo Bill for him. He told Duffy to go to 774 Market Street and see his pictures where they were exhibited in a small store.
Burbank said he remembered Owen since his father was at the "state farm." Burbank said that he had been in Spokane Falls some years earlier and "went in to a cafe and there saw a large painting done by Charles Russell. He had never met the great Western artist, but a friend of his told him that Charles Russell said that E. A. Burbank was the best painter of Indians living. Later in the month he sent Duffy a small oil painting of the deserted mining camp of Rhyolite, California where he had gone three years earlier. He then said he had been busy painting all the time "these little pictures from photographs I took when I was with the Indians.
He did a pencil on paper of General George Armstrong Custer and of Wild Bill Hickock, and a red pencil on paper of Colonel William F. Cody. He did a whole group of pencil portraits of celebrated western frontiersmen of the last half of the 19th century. These were all signed but not dated and done from photos. In 1942, he continued doing pencil sketches. Wilmer Roberts of Babbitt and Roberts Store at Jeddito, Arizona let him know that Lorenzo Hubbell had died at Oriabi, on March 2nd of heart trouble at the age of 58; now only Barbara and Roman Hubbell remained. "Had Burbank remembered seeing him at Ganado in 1909-1910," Roberts asked, "when he was doing the red crayon drawings?" He wrote again to Burbank on March 24, a few weeks later and told him of the changes in the place since Burbank had been there.[313]
"Do you remember in 1910," he asked, "when troops came from Fort Wingate and a pack train came through the reservation and camped at Ganado for a week? Remember how Hubbell cooked a big supper for us."
Desert Magazine published a story about Burbank, during war years. The first editor, Randall Henderson, wrote letters to Burbank trying to extract stories or work from him; he was fascinated with the artist and had hoped to rebuild his reputation for his portraits of Indians.[314]
Other friends of Burbank's wrote to him. G. V. Millett, whose studio was in Kansas City, Missouri, chastised Burbank in December 1942, for not having written to him. He complained that his business was "rotten," and that there were times he did not feel like going to his studio at all. The sleet and snow allover the ground had not helped his disposition to work. Millett at least had a family - a daughter who worked in a bombing plant, a boy who had graduated from West Point, and was in the Parachute Infantry, and another in Ensign in the Navy. Millett's financial situation had suffered because he found it hard to sell his work. During war times he could not do many portraits and still life which he regarded as his best work. The kinds of paintings he was best able to do could no longer be done because of all the war effort.[315]
With all his problems, Burbank could point to the same difficulties. He had no family; he was a loner. He was peddling his prints and small sketches for a quarter, for fifty cents - giving them away if for no other reason than to feed a need for companionship. Millett wrote that a number of artists had asked him to sit for them, "but I am like you," he wrote Burbank, "I have not the time."
By now Herb Hamlin's Pony Express Newspaper had called attention to Burbank's skills of a day gone by, and the artist himself circulated as many of the papers as he could. Burbank had begun to reminisce of earlier days with Millett asking if he had seen the Passion Play in Germany when they had worked as students, but Millett had not - he regretted not having taken the time but had just let it go. He conveyed to Burbank in one of the last letters available, information about other artists they had known including Castle Keith, the landscape painter, who had lived in Holland for some 25 years who had achieved considerable success.[316]
By June 15, 1943, Burbank had written to Roman Hubbell and asked for 30" by 40" paintings of "The Navajo Indians leaving a Dance." He said when he finished the painting, he left it with Lorenzo - and his father was to have had it duplicated for prints - and then send the painting back. Since Lorenzo died, Burbank wanted to be informed on what had happened with it. Burbank wanted remuneration since he had taken two months to paint the picture and he had to pay the Indians $1.50 a day for posing. He was well, he wrote, now 84 years old and it took a good more to get him down than in had in earlier days. He told Roman that he had heard from the Leights in New York although he had not seen them in some time and that it was always good to hear from old friends because so few that he had known in the early days still lived.[317]
Burbank looked forward to the publication of his first book. Dr. Ernest Royce, who had been a pharmacologist at the Napa State Hospital and the author of a number of articles published in scientific journals, worked with Burbank on the publication. Royce had approached Burbank with the idea of publishing a book which contained Burbank's experiences among the Indians, so he compiled and edited the material for Caxton Printers, Ltd. , in Caldwell, Idaho. It would still be three years, however, before the book would be printed.
The work is an excellent account of his visits among the various tribes. The book does not cover all the tribes with whom he stayed, nor does it speak of all the better known Indians he painted. Rather, Royce broke the work down into a series of chapters which cover certain groups of Indians in each chapter. It is not a chronicle of Burbank's travels since it is not arranged in such a way as to trace Burbank's travels. The book is filled with ethnological information and fills in gaps which reflect the artist's perceptiveness, his wit, and creativity in dealing with American Indians.
Burbank the naive businessman changed his tactics after this publication and did not give any copies of the book away. He prized the work so much and asked everyone who wanted a copy to pay the going prices.[318]
There was a movement by the federal government in the depression era to help artists through the WPA. Several agents and publishing houses wanted to help Burbank; correspondence from his friends who wanted to help him is voluminous. Herb Hamlin praised him saying that the postcard of Chief Joseph published by the Northern Pacific Railroad was a "masterpiece" but that they had nearly cut the name of the artist off the card. Never was there anything to match it and for that reason Hamlin wrote, "I am running your biography in the columns of the Pony Express Courier, and letting the world know about you in your 85th year..." Hamlin also thought that Wobbers, Inc. , of San Francisco, whom "you have made, and who it is claimed has made much money off your work, should present you with a token check of $25.00 at least for the postcard masterpiece. Therefore - I don't want to take it from you, nor neither does Mrs. Jose. What I am interested in very much at the present time is the painting of Rain-In-The-Face which you promised to give me for the trouble and expense the writer is going to making cuts for our issues, and publishing your biography from which you are doing well, and already received an order for one thousand dollars worth of work."
Indeed, the Pony Express Courier had helped Burbank to the degree that it was the last major effort to bring back his earlier work in portrait paintings. A number of his paintings were reproduced in black and white, with somewhat lengthy articles not only about his life but about his work with very special Indians.
Burbank did send Hamlin a 10" x 13" sketch of Rain-In-The-Face thanking him for the articles he had been printing. In January 1943, he wrote to Hamlin noting he had been invited out to dinner with several ladies and that he would eat everything in sight. The Hamlin's lived at 795 Sutter Street in San Francisco, yet corresponded that short distance away from Burbank.
The artist broke the routine of his portrait painting schedule for half a dozen years by occasionally sketching the city's colorful locations. But Burbank was existing on the hope that each day's mail would bring him sales of a few prints, the book had nearly gone out of print.
When Hamlin suggested Burbank do some sketches of oxcarts or wagons Burbank recalled his days at Acoma, where he was making red drawings of Indians. The Indian farmers were using their ox carts to carry what they needed; he might even have some photos he had taken to help him make his drawings. He received orders for paintings of the Missions and wrote Hamlin of the orders, noting his increasing health problems and especially eating because of his false teeth. He worried about such things as a watch he had not claimed back from a jeweler which was being repaired. He said in January 1947, that he had a lot more fine colored pictures of the Missions not on the list Hamlin had, some of which he had painted a long time ago.
In the meantime Hamlin had sent him a drawing that an artist had made of Burbank's face for reproduction in the Pony Express. Burbank begged Hamlin not to use it because even though it was a caricature of him, it made him look 200 years old - "Would he, as a favor to him, not use it in his magazine?" Burbank wrote that if Hamlin did use it a lot of his friends would not take the Pony Express Courier anymore.[319]
Burbank slept very little and restlessly. He often awoke in the Manx Hotel before daylight, writing his letters by a dim light in his room, waiting for the daybreak to come so he could begin his painting. Some of his letters to Hamlin are nearly illegible and they are in a fine script. Over the next several years he drew sketches of Mission San Juan Bautista, the General Sherman redwood tree, the Mariposa Big Tree Grove at Yosemite, Mission San Miguel and San Antonio de Pala near San Diego. By 1949 his principal work and source of income was from the sale of reproductions of his best known portraits and sketches. Hamlin's The Pony Express continued to supply him stationery and envelopes so that he could correspond with people. In the twilight of his career his return address on stationery from the Manx Hotel was "E. A. Burbank, Specialist, Drawer of Rare Cats, Manx Hotel, San Francisco, California, and Ex-Indian Painter."
The Hamlins reproduced his sketches of Teddy Roosevelt saying they were "superb" that no artist could do better. The "Overland Derelict" a sketch of a broken stage coach continued to be duplicated as it had first been copyrighted in 1940, when Burbank teamed up with White Fox Skyhawk who had written the poetry, and when it had been given to so many celebrities and friends.
Frugality marked Burbank's later years. He took great pride in the fact that he had never been on any type of relief or welfare. His income, thought meager, came from sketches and paintings of nearby landmarks in San Francisco or of the countryside near and around Napa Valley. His joy came from the friendships he shared with Herb Hamlin, other tenants at the hotel, and those developed with artists and acquaintances during his schooling in Europe. Burbank enjoyed corresponding with close friends and movie stars whom he had read about in magazines but had never met. Burbank took pride in the recognition he received as an artist through a multitude of exhibitions and articles published in art journals. In his later years, the artist got great comfort from his memories of his wandering years among the Indians. To his family, he seemed closer to the "red man" than to his own blood relatives.
The sorrow in Burbank's life came from two failed marriages, no children, and the lack of stability with regard to a permanent residence. The years in Napa State Hospital took their toll. While Burbank had regrets about his serious emotional problems which indicated the need for psychiatric help and confinement, there was also a security in living some of his later years in a safe environment which provided the potential for companionship and the necessities of life.
Burbank had little to show for his life of hard artistic work, long hours of painting, and years of travel. He did not own any of his own valuable works which had increased in value tremendously over the years and had a worth of thousands of dollars. The irony lies in the richness of the legacy of the paintings which could never be measured in dollars and the poorness in the end of the man who created the wealth of many others.
The unfinished painting of the Indian girl was on the easel in the sparsely furnished room of the Manx Hotel when ninety year old Elbridge Ayer Burbank took the elevator down three flights and exited the hotel on Powell Street to catch the cable car which struck him and caused injuries which led to his demise three months later.
Burbank realized he was preserving history with his paintings. He was meticulous about identifying his painting with place and date and always signing his name. Additional notes on the back of the work or left in portfolios to accompany the paintings and drawings gave interesting details of the Indians and the accompanying scenes. There is little doubt that Burbank's work, during the period of his visits to the reservations, was his best. The many Indian portraits, full of authentic detail and alive with strong bright colors, have a unique quality not so apparent in his later work. The success of an artist lies partly in his enthusiasm for his subjects. Burbank loved the Indians and captured on canvas the tremendous personality of each of his subjects. When painting a young Indian child's face, Burbank captured youth and innocence; when painting older Indians he captured experience, weariness, suffering, and oftentimes hope. The faces are all powerful in a quiet, enduring way. Curiously, Burbank recognized in each Native American tribe its own unique artistic abilities. He often commented on the marvelous design and harmony of color of the Indian costumes. "The work of each tribe differs materially from that of another. All copy direct from nature. Nature is viewed through different eyes and different objects recommend themselves as especially suitable for the purpose of design."[320] Burbank found intrigue in comparing the basket making, color schemes and ceremonial costumes of the various tribes. The Apache Indian Naiche and the Kiowa Indian Hawgone were ranked by Burbank as fine artists. Ironically both had perfected their talents and techniques by observing and copying Burbank's methods. The legacy of Elbridge Burbank, now exhibited in museums through-out the country and in private collections will no doubt be judged and re-judged by future generations. Yet over seventy years ago a contemporary of Burbank's summed up the artist's work and today few would quarrel with these observations and evaluations:
His aim and ambition were to preserve on canvas for the edification and enlightenment of posterity, a vital and authentic record of the most singularly, unique and interesting race the world has ever known. He has something new to say and the technical ability to say it well. The real secret of his success lies back of his hand and was never learned in an art school. It is the response of the inner man, quickened to the appeal of kinship which exists between us and our forest brother ... he does the red man the simple justice to understand him, to credit him with the attributes of a soul, a conscience, intelligence, a proud spirit and a noble heart.[321]
BOOKS
American Art Annual 1898-1934, Washington, D. C., 1935
American Art Annual, "Who's Who in Art," Volume XX, 1923-1924
Amsden, Charles A. , Navaho Weaving, Its Changes and History, Albuquerque: Rio Grande Press, 1949
Anonymous, Biographical Directory of the Tax-Payers and Voters of McHenry County, Chicago: C. Walker and Company, 1877
Anonymous, History of McHenry County, Illinois, Chicago: Interstate Publishing Company, 1885
Anonymous, History of McHenry County, Illinois, Chicago: Munsell Publishing Company, 1922, Volume II
Dowdy, Doris Ostrander, Artists of the American West, Chicago: The Swallow Press, 1974
Dozier, Edward P., Hano: A Tewa Indian Community in Arizona, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967
Dunlay, Thomas W. , Wolves for the Blue Soldiers: Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-1890, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982
Fielding, Mantle, Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors and Engravers, New York: James F. Carr, 1965
Forbes, Jack D., Natives Americans of California and Nevada: A Handbook. Healdsburg, California: Naturegraph Publishers, 1968
Gatlein, Frank (and the Editors of County Beautiful), The Lure of the Great West, Waukesha, Wisconsin: Country Beautiful, 1937
Goetzmann, William H., Joseph C. Porter and David C. Hunt, The West as Romantic Horizon, Joslyn Art Museum, Center for Western Studies, 1981
Harmsen, Dorothy, Harmsen's Western Americana, Flagstaff: Northland Press, 1971
Kluckholn, Clyde and Dorothea Leighton, The Navaho, New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1962 edition
Lockwood, Frank C., The Life of Edward E. Ayer, Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1929
Lowie, Robert H., Indians of the Plains, Garden City: The Natural History Press, 1954
McCracken, Harold, Portrait of the Old West, New York, 1952
McCracken, Harold, George Catlin and the Old Frontier, New York, 1959
McNitt, Frank, Indian Traders, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962
Monaghan, Jay, Custer, The Life of General George Armstrong Custer, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1959
Moure, Nancy D. W., Dictionary of Art and Artists in Southern California Before 1930, Los Angeles: Privately Printed, 1975
Nye, Lowell Albert (ed.), McHenry County, Illinois, 1832-1968, Dixon, Illinois: Robert Printing Company, n. d.
Reichard, Gladys A., Navaho Shepherd and Weaver, Glorieta, New Mexico: Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1977
Royce, Ernest (as told to) by Elbridge Ayer Burbank, Burbank Among the Indians, Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. , 1944, 1946, Ernest Royce, editor.
Samuels, Peggy and Harold, The Illustrated Biographical Encyclopedia of Artists of the American West, New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1976
Sandoz, Mari, Crazy Horse: The Strange Man of the Oglalas, A Biography, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961
Sandoz, Mari, An American Epic: Cheyenne Autumn, New York: Discus Book, 1962
Sedgley, George Burbank, Geneology of the Burbank Family and the Families of Bray, Wellcome, Sedgley (Sedgeley) and Welch, Knowlton and McLeary Company, Fannington, Maine, 1928
Shirk, George H., Oklahoma Place Names, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974
Smith, Ralph C., A Biographical Index of American Artists, The Williams and Wilkens Company, 1930
Snodgrass, Jeanne O. (compiler), American Indian Painters: A Biographical Directory, New York: Museum of the American Indian Heye Foundation, 1968
Taft, Robert, Artists and Illustrators of the Old West, 1850-1900, New York: Scribner's, 1953
Utley, Robert M., The Last Days of the Sioux Nation, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963
Waters, Frank, Book of the Hopi, New York: Viking Press, 1963
PERIODICALS
Anonymous, "Elbridge Ayer Burbank, 1858-1949, Greatest Indian Painter of All Time," The Pony Express, March 1966, Vol. XXXII, No. 10, No. 382
Anonymous, "Eldridge Ayer Burbank (sic), Aug. 10, 1858-March 21, 1949," The Pony Express, April 1949, Vol. XV, No. 11, No. 179
Anonymous, "Elbridge Ayer Burbank (1858-1949)", The Kennedy Quarterly, June 1966, Vol. VI, No.2, pp. 118-119
Anonymous, "American Art: The Influence of Elbridge Ayer Burbank," reprinted from Town and Countryside. London, n. d. Copy from Division of Ethnology, U. S. National Museum
Anonymous, "The Monthly Illustrator for the Third Quarter of 1895," Vol. V, published by Harry C. Jones, New York, 1895
Anonymous, "Art and Artists," The Graphic, July 8, 1893
Browne, Charles F. "Painters of Indians," Brush and Pencil, 1898, Volume 2, page 98
Browne, Charles F. "Elbridge Ayer Burbank, A Painter of Indian Portraits," Brush and Pencil, 1898, Volume 2, pp. 16-35
Burbank, E. A. "Studies in Art in American Life - III," Brush and Pencil, 1899
Burbank, E. A., "Famous War Chiefs I have Known and Painted; Famous Snake Chief Ko-pe-ley," The Graphic, May 14, 1910
Burbank, E. A., "The Apache Indian," Carter's Monthly, June 1899, Vol. XV, No.3
Burbank, E.A., "My Indian Princess Sitter at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Gi-aum-e Hone-o-me-tah," The Graphic, February 12, 1910
Clarkson, Ralph, "Chicago Painters, Past and Present," Art and Archaeology, September-October 1921, Vol. XII, Nos. 3-4, pp.128-143
DeQuelin, Rene T., "Among the Artists," The Graphic, May 9, 1903; January 12, 1907; April 4, 15; May 18-19; August 8; September 12, 1908; May 1, 1909
The Graphic, Various notes or short articles related to Burbank's movements are found in the following issues: January 12; April 6, 20, December 28, 1907; April 4, 25; May 9; August 8; September 12, 1908; May 1, 1909; February 15, 22, 1913
Hamlin, Herb. "Burbank the Great Contributor," Pony Express Courier, November, December 1942; February 1944; January, February, March, April 1943
Hamlin, Herb, "Chief Joseph's Trek and Surrender," The Pony Express, September 1947
Hamlin, Herb, Contributor to many articles and pieces relative to E. A. Burbank while editor of the Pony Express and Pony Express Courier 1942-1966
Harmsen, W. D., "Patterns and Sources of Navajo Weaving," Tewell's Printing and Lithographic Company, Wheatridge, Colo., 1977
Henderson, Randall, "He Painted the Apaches," Desert Magazine, May 1941, pp. 31-32
Hinshaw, Merton E., "Painters of the West," Charles W. Bowers Memorial Museum, Santa Ana, 1972
Jacobson, O. B., and Jeanne d'Uceh, "Art in Oklahoma: Elbridge Ayer Burbank," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 1954, Vo1ume 32. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, pp. 263-277
James, George Wharton, "A Noted Painter of Indian Types," The Craftsman, December 1904, Vol. VII, No. 3, pp. 280-283
Jeffers, Jo., "Hubbell Trading Post, National Historic Site," Arizona Highways, September 1967, pp. 2, 13, 37
Jones, Harry C. "His Favorite Wine," Monthly Illustrator, Third Quarter, 1895
Kahlenberg, Mary H. and Anthony Berlant, "The Navajo Blanket," Praeger Publishers, Inc., in association with Los Angeles County Museum of Art, June 1972
Kent, Kate P. "The Story of Navaho Weaving," The Heard Museum, Phoenix, 1961
Kirk, Tom, "The Kirk Clan, Traders with the Navaho," Brand Book Number Six, San Diego Corral of the Westerners, San Diego, California, 1979
Kiser, John, "E. A. Burbank," The Wrangler, San Diego Corral of the Westerners, San Diego, September 1976, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 10-12
Lummis, Charles Fletcher, "Painting the First Americans: Burbank's Indian Portraits," Land of Sunshine, May 1900, pp. 332-334
McCreight, M. I. "Who Are the Indians?" The Pony Express, September, 1948
McNeill, Thomas S. , "E. A. Burbank: Painter of Indians, 1858-1949," The Westerners Brand Book Number 13, Los Angeles Corral of the Westerners, 1969
Maxwell, Everett, "Art," The Graphic, February 13, 22, 1913
Maxwell, Everett, "The Art of Elbridge A. Burbank," Fine Arts Journal, January 1910, Vol. XXII, No.1, pp. 3-8
Pattison, James William, "E. A. Burbank - His Experiences in Painting Indian Life," Fine Arts Journal, January 1911, Vol. XXIII, pp. 35-47
Powell, Lawrence Clark, "Letter from the Southwest," Westways, January 1977, pp. 18-54
Stewart, Tyrone H. "Jo Morra (sic) Photographs, 1904-1907," Southwestern Art, Winter 1977, Vol. VI, No. 4, pp. 10-39
Stickler, Gustav, "A Noted Painter of Indian Types," The Craftsman, November 1904, Vol. VII
Thomas, Anne, "Hubbell's Trading Post at Ganado," Art West, Fall 1978, Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 34-39
Wheat, Joe Ben; Carl S. Dentzel and others, "Navajo Weaving," an issue of Arizona Highways, July 1974
White, Nona L., "A Painter of Indians," West Coast Magazine, June 1908, Vol. 4
NEWSPAPERS
Jewett, Eleanor, "E. A. Burbank's Passing Loss to Illinois Art," Chicago Sunday Tribune, July 17, 1949
Los Angeles Times, July 29, August 26, 1906; January 4, October 20, 1907; April 19, 26; September 13, 20, 1908; May 9, October 3, November 28, December 28, 1909; December 22, 1912; December 11, 1913
Sacramento Bee, March 23, 1949, "Obituary of E.A. Burbank"
San Diego Union, April 11, July 4, 1976
San Francisco Chronicle, June 5, 15, 1908; April 16, 30, 1933; December 17, 1933; April 22, May 27, 28, 31 and June 12, 1934; March 20, 1941; March 23, 1942; January 10, 22, 1949; February 7, 1949; March 22, 23, 23, 25, 26, 1949;. June 22, 1949; July 17, 1949 and June 22, 1949
Stevens, Elizabeth, "Artist Energy in Youngstown," Wall Street Journal, June 15-17, 1971
Stevens, Elizabeth, "Oil Portraits and Crayon Drawings of Indians," in Wall Street Journal, June 15-17, 1971. Includes 28 works of E. A. Burbank
Youngstown Vindicator Rotogravure, May 1, 1949
CORRESPONDENCE
Letter, Cecil L. Bennett to John R. Kiser, 1978
Burbank, E. A., collection of correspondence, Montana Historical Society, 1890-1908 - includes letters from Blanche (Lot) to his family, and a few letters from Munich, Germany and Cardiff, Wales
Burbank, E. A., collection of correspondence, Southwest Museum Library, Highland Park, California which contains letters between 1934 and 1947 with a variety of motion picture stars, business people, artists and friends
Burbank, E. A., collection of correspondence, University of Arizona Library Special Collections division, which is a series of letters written to his wife from various places in the West during his travels among the several tribes but especially from Ganado and Hubbell Trading Post, especially the years 1897-1898
Burbank, E. A., collection of correspondence in the Holt-Atherton Pacific Center for Western Studies, University of the Pacific for the years approximating 1941 to 1947; and contains letters to Philip Duffy and Herb Hamlin
Burbank, E. A., collection of correspondence to employees of the Bureau of American Ethnology including William J. McGee, William H. Holmes and others, 1906+
Burbank, E. A., letters to Lorenzo, Roman and Dorothy Hubbell written from Harvard, Illinois; Los Angeles California and many places in California, including the Napa State Hospital, 1900-1918, in the University of Arizona Library, Special Collections
Letter, Kent Bush, Curator, Hubbell Trading Post to John R. Kiser, 1976
Letter, Ellis Catton to John R. Kiser, November 20, 1977
Letters, Owen M. Duffy to John R. Kiser, 1968-1969
Letters, Philip Duffy to John Kiser, 1972
Letters, M. M. Getz to Mrs. E. A. Burbank, 1911
Letters, Mrs. Joseph Goodell to John R. Kiser, 1968
Hamlin, Herb, collection of Burbank correspondence and papers at the Holt-Atherton pacific Center for Western Studies, University of the Pacific
Hamlin, Herb, collection of correspondence and papers related to the Pony Express Courier at the Holt-Atherton Pacific Center for Western Studies, University of the Pacific
Letter, William F. Haney to John R. Kiser, August 23, 1973
Letter, R. Clark Hansell to John R. Kiser, December 20, 1981
Letters, Joslyn Art Museum related to sketches of Major General G. A. Custer, Colonel W. F. Cody and Wild Bill Hicock, to John R. Kiser, 1976
Letters, John R. Kiser to Kent Bush, Curator, Hubbell Trading Post, National Historic Site, Ganado, Arizona 1977
Letters, John Kiser to "Images of the Old West," Minneapolis, 1978
Letters, John R. Kiser to Owen Duffy at Napa, California, 1976
Letters, John R. Kiser to Richard E. Royce, Oakland, July 1977
Letters, John R. Kiser to Wes Wolfe, Historian, Hubbell Trading Post, National Historic Site, Ganado, Arizona 1967
Letter, Betty Haag McGlynn to John R. Kiser, 1976
Letters, G. V. Millet to E. A. Burbank in the collections of the Holt-Atherton Pacific Center for Western Studies, University of the Pacific, 1942
Letter, Mt. Olivet Memorial Park to John R. Kiser related to remains of E. A. Burbank, 1978
Letters, "Images of the Old West," to John Kiser, 1976-1978
Letter, Rockford Public Library to John R. Kiser, July 1978, related to reburial of remains of E. A. Burbank
Letter, Dr. James M. Shebl, Associate Director, Pacific Center for Western Historical Studies, Stuart Library of Western Americana, University of the Pacific, to John R. Kiser, 1976
Letter, Alfred M. Silva to John R. Kiser, August 23, 1968
Letters, W. Scott Thurber to Mr. Cotton, May 1900
Letters, Annie M. Wheeler to L. H. Wood, February 25, 1899+
MISCELANEOUS ITEMS
Advertisement, Brush and Pencil, "Burbank Indian Portraits," n. d.
Death Certificate, Nettie C. Burbank, Los Angeles County Registrar
Informational cards, E. A. Burbank, California State Library, Sacramento, California
Oral Interviews taped by Dr. John R. Kiser with Dr. A. E. Kiser concerning E. A. Burbank, which took place March 8, 1972, and are transcribed
Poem, "Gi-aum-e," by W. F. Skyhawk, in the E.A. Burbank Collection at the Holt-Atherton Pacific Center for Western Studies, University of the Pacific
Samples of letterhead paper from J. L. Hubbell Trading Post, Ganado, Arizona, 1890's, Sketches had been asked for by Lorenzo Hubbell of Burbank, Special Collections, University of Arizona Library, Tucson, Arizona
Marriage License, E. A. Burbank and Alice Blanche Wheeler, November 4, 1880
Will, Homer E. Wheeler, Rockford, Illinois, October 22, 1895
INFORMATION ABOUT COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS OF ELBRIDGE AYER BURBANK HELD BY INSTITUTIONS
Because of questions of propriety and security, the author deter-mined not to include a bibliography of the names of individuals who hold one or more pieces of art work done by Elbridge Ayer Burbank. Suffice to say that more than 75 such individuals are known.
The following list of institutions locates some of Burbank's paintings. On the other hand to attempt to trace over 3,000 paintings, even with computerized lists became impractical. Parts of, or whole collections have been sold, purchased and repurchased. Hundreds of individual pieces have changed hands. To be more precise, therefore, would have been impractical and likely inadequate.
Back, Cile and Marlene Chambers. "Colorado Collects Historic Western Art," Denver Art Museum, Denver, 1973
Collections of E. A. Burbank, American Christian College, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Collection of works by E. A. Burbank, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, California
Catalog of American Paintings and Sculpture, Historical-Western, J. N. Bartfield Art Galleries, New York, n. d., but Number 120
Painters of the West, Bowers Museum catalog, published Santa Ana, California, 1972
Inventory of E. A. Burbank paintings at the Burpee Art Museum/Rockford Art Association, Rockford, Illinois, August 1978
A Catalogue of Indian Portraits in the Collection of Joseph G. Butler Jr., Youngstown, Ohio, which includes a large number of E.A. Burbank paintings at the Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio. The individual paintings are annotated.
Butler Art Institute Catalog, Youngstown, Ohio, September 1940
Sixty Years of Collecting American Art: An Index to the Permanent Collection of the Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio, 1979
Butler Institute of American Art, "Selections from the Permanent Collection," Youngstown, Ohio, October 1979
Butterfield's Auctioneer's Catalog, San Francisco, June 24, 1981
Collection of Works by E. A. Burbank, Carson Western Library and Pony Express Museum, Sonora, California
Western and Traditional American Paintings of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries Auction Catalog, Colonial Art Company, June 10, 1973
Collection of Paintings by E. A. Burbank, by Edward Eberstadt and Sons, New York, New York, n. d
Correspondence from Fenn Galleries Ltd., to John R. Kiser, January, 1977
Glamorganshire Club, Glamorganshire, Wales, portrait of Lord Portypeyd, a First cousin of Alice Blanche Wheeler Burbank, 189l
Inventory Field Museum of Natural History, paintings of E. A. Burbank, November 1976
Inventory of Paintings at the Hubbell Trading Post, n. d.
Collection of Paintings by E. A. Burbank, The Indianapolis Museum of Art, the Harrison Eiteljorg Collection.
Collection of Works by E. A. Burbank, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska
Inventory of collection of E. A. Burbank paintings in the Kennedy Galleries, 1977
Inventory of E. A. Burbank paintings or photographs of paintings by E. A. Burbank in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 1971
Works of E. A. Burbank, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California
Montana Historical Society, "An Art Perspective of the Historic Pacific Northwest," August, 1963, a catalog
Collection of works by E.A. Burbank, National Cowboy Hall of Fame, Oklahoma City, 0klahoma
Inventory of Burbank: paintings at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois, n. d.
Inventory of paintings by E. A. Burbank as indicated from Herb Hamlin in the Pacific Center for Western Historical Studies, University of the Pacific
Collection of Works by E.A. Burbank, Charles M. Russell Gallery, Great Falls, Montana
Ninth Annual C. M. Russell auction of original Western Art, catalog, Great Falls, Montana, March 17-19, 1977
Exhibition Checklist, "The West as Art," Palm Springs Desert Museum, Palm Springs, California, 1982
Inventory of paintings in Saint Mary's College of California at Moraga, California by E. A. Burbank, 1976
Inventory of paintings by E. A. Burbank, San Joaquin Historical Museum and Haggin Galleries
Collection of works by E.A. Burbank, Santa Fe Railway, 80 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Illinois
Inventory of paintings by E.A. Burbank in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. under the National Collection of Fine Arts, 1976
Sotheby Parke Bernet Catalogs, Los Angeles, May 22-23, 1973; March 4-5, 1974; October 28, 1974, October 20, 1975; June 24, 1980; New York, April 14, 1972, April 11, 1973
Collection of paintings and sketches by Burbank in the Southwest Museum, Highland Park, Los Angeles, California
Inventory of Paintings in the City of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Thomas Gilchrease Institute of American History and Art, December 7, 1966
Stenzel, Franz R., "An Art Perspective of the Historic Northwest," Montana Historical Society Catalog, 1963
Exhibition catalog, 3rd Exhibition of Thurber's Art Galleries of Burbank Exhibit, 1897
Exhibition catalog, Fourth Annual Exhibition at Thurber's Art Galleries in Chicago, 1898
Collections of E. A. Burbank, University of Arizona, Special Collections, University of Arizona Library, Tucson, Arizona
Collections of Dr. John R. Kiser may be seen at various locations where they are on exhibit
To locate the names of Native American sitters in this index, look under "Portrait:" first.
Additionally, individuals mentioned more than once will also be listed by name.
A. A. Wah................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Academy of Art Design..................................................................................................................................... 4
Academy of Design............................................................................................................................................. 19
Acoma........................................................................................................................................................... 38, 80, 81, 98
Adams............................................................................................................................................................................... xi
Adams Express........................................................................................................................................................ 65
adobe................................................................................................................................................................. 37, 53, 79
Afraid of His Bottom..................................................................................................................................... 31
Agency............................................................................................................................................. 31, 57, 58, 59, 64, 67
agent..................................................................................................................................................................... xi, 2, 27
Agua Caliente...................................................................................................................................... 68, 69, 72, 78
Ah-ke-ke-wah-tock............................................................................................................................................. 64
Ah-kis-kuck............................................................................................................................................................. 65
Albany............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Albert......................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Albuquerque......................................................................................................................................... 36, 80, 81, 103
Alfred Silva........................................................................................................................................................... 92
Algonquian................................................................................................................................................................. xi
American............................................................................... ix, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 54, 97, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112
American Art Annual...................................................................................................................................... 103
American Beauty................................................................................................................................................... 16
American Civil War................................................................................................................................... xii, 2, 5
American Epic: Cheyenne Autumn........................................................................................................... 59
American frontier............................................................................................................................................. 12
American Indian.......................................................................................................................................... x, xi, xiii
American Indians.......................................................................................................................................... 58, 68
American West........................................................................................................................................................ 12
American-Indian................................................................................................................................................... xii
Amsden, Charles A.......................................................................................................................................... 103
Anatomy........................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Annie....................................................................................................................................................................... xi, 110
anthropologist..................................................................................................................................................... 92
antipodal................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Apache.......................................................... xiii, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 38, 39, 59, 60, 68, 72, 79, 101, 105
Arabs............................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Arapaho............................................................................................................................................................ 53, 59, 60
Arapahoe..................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Arcada........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Arcata........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Arivaca........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Arizona 12, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 63, 67, 68, 72, 76, 80, 81, 90, 92, 95, 103, 109, 111
Arizona Baking Ovens..................................................................................................................................... 93
Arizona Highways.............................................................................................................................................. 106
Armstrong................................................................................................................................................................. 103
Army xiii, 4, 13, 24, 25, 103
arrow....................................................................................................................................................................... 34, 49
Art Amateur..................................................................................................................................... 32, 36, 38, 44, 48
Art and Archaeology................................................................................................................................................... 105
Art Commissioner of San Francisco..................................................................................................... x
Art in Oklahoma................................................................................................................................................. 105
Art Interchange.................................................................................................................................................... 32
Art West................................................................................................................................................................... 106
artist ix, xii, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 34, 37, 39, 40, 43, 46, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 67, 77, 81, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101
Ashland.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Astaire, Fred........................................................................................................................................................ 93
Athenium Building............................................................................................................................................. 15
auction................................................................................................................................................................ 58, 112
Ayer xii, xiii, 1, 2, 4, 13, 14, 19, 20, 42, 65, 66, 73, 91, 103
Ayer Annie................................................................................................................................................................ 88
Ayer, Anna Maria.............................................................................................................................................. 1, 2
Ayer, Annie............................................................................................................................................................... xi
Ayer, E. E.............................................................................................................................................................. 70
Ayer, Ed..................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Ayer, Edward Everett..................................................................... xiii, 1, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 24, 37, 40, 43, 68
Ayer, Elbridge Gerry................................................................................................................................... xi, 1
Ayer, Gerry............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Ayer, Samuel......................................................................................................................................................... 1, 2
Babbitt and Roberts Store........................................................................................................................ 95
Bacabi........................................................................................................................................................................... 44
badger claws........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Balboa Beach........................................................................................................................................................... 82
Baldocchi..................................................................................................................................................................... x
Ballarat..................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Bandini, Helen Elliott................................................................................................................................ 71
bandolier................................................................................................................................................................... 49
banjo............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Banning............................................................................................................................................................ 69, 70, 72
Baptist........................................................................................................................................................................ 64
Baratchia................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Bartlesville........................................................................................................................................................... 93
basket......................................................................................................................................................................... 101
basketmakers........................................................................................................................................................... 44
Battle.................................................................................................................................................................... xiii, 27
battlefield....................................................................................................................................................... 12, 27
Bavaria........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Bavarian........................................................................................................................................................... 5, 12, 16
bead 31, 59
beadwork..................................................................................................................................................................... 21
beadworker................................................................................................................................................................ 21
belle............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Belle of Rockford............................................................................................................................................... 4
belle of the Hopi............................................................................................................................................. 46
Belvedere Cove..................................................................................................................................................... 92
Benezet........................................................................................................................................................................ 83
Berkeley............................................................................................................................................................. 92, 111
Berlant, Anthony.............................................................................................................................................. 106
Bernalillo.................................................................................................................................................... 44, 80, 81
Beth 85
Bierkemper, Charles........................................................................................................................................ 47
Big Horn..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Big Meadow................................................................................................................................................................ 78
Billings............................................................................................................................................................... 28, 29
Bismarck................................................................................................................................................... 24, 27, 28, 29
Bismark.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Black Hawk War...................................................................................................................................................... xii
Black Man................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Blackfeet................................................................................................................................................................... 33
blacksmith................................................................................................................................................................ 64
Blanchard................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Blanche................................................................................................................ 11, 13, 14, 21, 31, 33, 37, 38, 76, 109
Blows-His-Breath................................................................................................................................................ 30
Blue Horse.......................................................................................................................................................... 60, 61
bluebird..................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Bob-Tailed-Coyote............................................................................................................................................. 58
Bodmer, Karl..................................................................................................................................................... 12, 19
bonnet..................................................................................................................................................................... 22, 41
Boone County............................................................................................................................................................ xi
Bowers Museum...................................................................................................................................................... 111
Bozeman.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
bracelets................................................................................................................................................................... 37
braided........................................................................................................................................................................ 24
brave............................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Bremen........................................................................................................................................................................... 11
bride............................................................................................................................................................................. 82
Broadway..................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Browne, Charles Francis................................................................................. xiii, 15, 19, 39, 50, 55, 56, 105
Brubank........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Brule................................................................................................................................................................. 66, 67, 72
Brule Sioux............................................................................................................................................................. 66
Brush and Pencil......................................................................................................................... xiii, 66, 105, 111
Brush, DeForest................................................................................................................................................... 30
Buckboard................................................................................................................................................................... 43
buckskin............................................................................................................................................. 22, 23, 24, 30, 59
buckskins................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Bufano, Benny.......................................................................................................................................................... x
buffalo.................................................................................................................................................................. xii, 29
Buffalo Bill................................................................................................................................... 12, 13, 30, 57, 95
buffalo skull........................................................................................................................................................ 36
Buntline, Ned........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Burbamed..................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Burbank Among the Indians...................................................................................................... xiii, 75, 81, 97, 101, 104
Burbank exhibit................................................................................................................................................... 16
Burbank, Abner Jewett..................................................................................................................... 1, 2, 87, 88
Burbank, Albert.................................................................................................................................................... xi
Burbank, Albert Jewett............................................................................................................................. xi, 1
Burbank, Emma Augusta..................................................................................................................................... 1
Burbank, George................................................................................................................................................. 104
Burbank, Henry Clay..................................................................................................................................... xi, 2
Burbank, Lillian................................................................................................................................................. xi
Burbank, Lillian M........................................................................................................................................... 2
Burbank, Luther..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Burbank, Luther (Mrs.).............................................................................................................................. ix, x
Burbank's studio.................................................................................................................................................. 5
Burbank's Studio................................................................................................................................................ 77
Burbank's will....................................................................................................................................................... ix
Bureau........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Bureau of American Ethnology................................................................................................................ 71
Bureau of American Ethnology.............................................................................................................. 109
Bureau of Ethnology........................................................................................................................................ 68
Bureau of Indian Affairs............................................................................................................................ xi
Burlington Road................................................................................................................................................... 29
Burnham, Daniel H......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Butler............................................................................................................................................................. 65, 83, 111
Butler Institute................................................................................................................................................ 65
Butler Museum........................................................................................................................................................ 65
Butler, Joseph..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Butte............................................................................................................................................................................... 6
cable car...................................................................................................................................................................... ix, 99
Cabrilla..................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Cahiulla..................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Cahuilla............................................................................................................................................................... 69, 72
calculation............................................................................................................................................................. 67
Caldwell............................................................................................................................................................. 97, 104
calendar................................................................................................................................................... 41, 47, 48, 49
calico........................................................................................................................................................................... 79
California Redwoods........................................................................................................................................ 93
Campanile................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Campbell..................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Campbell, Jim........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Campo............................................................................................................................................................................. 81
Campo Indians.................................................................................................................................................. 80, 82
Canada........................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Canadian..................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Capitan Grande..................................................................................................................................................... 70
Captain............................................................................................................................................................ 20, 37, 65
Cardiff................................................................................................................................................................ 14, 109
caricature................................................................................................................................................................ 98
Carlisle..................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Carlsen, Emil.......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Carlson.......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
carnival............................................................................................................................................................... 30, 83
Carson City....................................................................................................................................................... 73, 75
Carson Western Library.............................................................................................................................. 112
casket............................................................................................................................................................................. x
Castle........................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Catholic..................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Catlin................................................................................................................................................................... 64, 103
Catlin, George............................................................................................................................................... 19, 68
Catton, Ellis...................................................................................................................................................... 109
Catton, Joseph (Dr.)................................................................................................................................... ix, x
cave 45
Caxton Press.......................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Caxton Printers, Ltd............................................................................................................................ 97, 104
Century........................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Century Magazine................................................................................................................................................ 24
ceremonial............................................................................................................................................ 49, 55, 60, 101
ceremonies........................................................................................................................................ 45, 49, 51, 53, 70
ceremony............................................................................................................................................................... 35, 46
Cerra............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Cerro............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
chagrined................................................................................................................................................................... 89
Chanehuevi................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Charles Francis Browne.................................................................................................................................. 60
Charles M. Russell Gallery................................................................................................................... 112
Charles W. Bowers Memorial Museum................................................................................................. 105
Chase, Polly............................................................................................................................................................. 1
Chasequah................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Chemehuevi................................................................................................................................................................ 70
Cheyenne........................................................................................... 24, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 57, 58, 59, 60, 71, 104
chiarascure............................................................................................................................................................. 79
Chicago xi, xii, xiii, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 32, 33, 36, 38, 41, 46, 48, 49, 60, 63, 77, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 103, 105, 112, 113
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company............................................................................... 2
Chicago Art Institute............................................................................................................................... 4, 15
Chicago Chronicle.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Chicago Northwestern Railroad............................................................................................................... 1
Chicago Society of Artists............................................................................................................................................ 15
Chicago Tribune........................................................................................................................................... 33, 107
Chico............................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Chief........................................................................................................................................................... 23, 53, 56, 57
Chief American Horse................................................................................................................... 34, 35, 36, 58
Chief Black Coyote..................................................................................................................................... 59, 60
Chief Black Hawk................................................................................................................................................ xii
Chief Burnt All Over..................................................................................................................................... 59
Chief Eagle............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Chief Gaul................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Chief Geronimo............................................................................................... xiii, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 82
Chief Joseph.............................................................................................. xiii, 6, 19, 33, 36, 54, 55, 59, 82, 97, 105
Chief Keo-kuk........................................................................................................................................................ 64
Chief Kicking Bear........................................................................................................................................... 56
Chief Little Chief............................................................................................................................... 35, 46, 58
Chief Little Wound........................................................................................................................................... 57
Chief Lone White Wolf................................................................................................................................... 23
Chief Lo-waine-wag-she-kah..................................................................................................................... 64
Chief Mah-ing-Gah............................................................................................................................................. 64
Chief Many Horses............................................................................................................................................. 41
Chief Medicine Grass............................................................................................................................... 57, 59
Chief Moses................................................................................................................................................... 6, 19, 59
Chief Nah-Kuh-Mah-Time................................................................................................................................ 59
Chief Naiche............................................................................................................................................... 22, 23, 82
Chief Naw-Quag-Ke-Shick............................................................................................................................. 64
Chief of the Antelope Clan..................................................................................................................... 50
Chief of the Snake Clan............................................................................................................................. 49
Chief Plenty Coups..................................................................................................................................... 30, 32
Chief Pretty Eagle......................................................................................................................... 30, 32, 33, 82
Chief Rain-in-the-Face.................................................................................................. 27, 28, 29, 56, 91, 97
Chief Red Cloud............................................................................................................... 27, 34, 55, 56, 57, 82, 94
Chief Red Wolf..................................................................................................................................................... 57
Chief Severo........................................................................................................................................................... 54
Chief Sitting Bull......................................................................................................................... 27, 28, 57, 83
Chief Standing Bull........................................................................................................................................ 58
Chief Stinking Bear........................................................................................................................................ 57
Chief Stinking-Bear........................................................................................................................................ 56
Chief Straight Crazy..................................................................................................................................... 59
Chief Striking Back........................................................................................................................................ 57
Chief Two Moon............................................................................................................................................... 36, 82
Chief War Path..................................................................................................................................................... 59
Chief White Bull................................................................................................................................................ 34
Chief White Swan................................................................................................................................................ 48
Chief Yellow Hammer........................................................................................................................................ 65
chiefs..................................................................................................................... 14, 21, 30, 31, 35, 55, 58, 59, 82, 85
chieftain................................................................................................................................................................... 19
chieftan..................................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Chihuahua................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chinese.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Chin-Lee..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Chippewa..................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Chiricahua.................................................................................................................................................... 20, 24, 71
Christ........................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Christian........................................................................................................................................................... 22, 111
Christmas........................................................................................................................................... 41, 42, 44, 47, 49
church................................................................................................................................................... xii, 36, 37, 47, 81
Claudette Colbert............................................................................................................................................. 93
cloud............................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Coahuilla............................................................................................................................................................. 69, 70
Cocahella................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Cochella..................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Cochise................................................................................................................................................ 19, 20, 22, 23, 60
Cochito........................................................................................................................................................................ 81
Cocopah........................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Cody 109
Cody, William F. (Col)................................................................................................................................ 95
Coechella................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Colfax........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Collins, Eddie..................................................................................................................................................... 93
Collins, John (Rev.)........................................................................................................................................ x
Colonel...................................................................................................................................................................... 109
Coloradas....................................................................................................................................................... 20, 23, 60
Colorado..................................................................................................................................... 13, 51, 53, 72, 76, 111
colored........................................................................................................................ 22, 32, 40, 77, 89, 91, 94, 95, 98
Colortype............................................................................................................................................................. 21, 22
Colt, Samuel........................................................................................................................................................... 13
Columbia............................................................................................................................................................... 55, 72
Columbian................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Columbian Exposition............................................................................................................................... 15, 50
Comanche......................................................................................................................................................... 21, 23, 59
Comanches................................................................................................................................................................... 71
comer............................................................................................................................................................................. 16
comfortable............................................................................................................................................................. 64
Commission............................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Commissioner of Indian Affairs............................................................................................................ xi
Concord........................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Confederacy............................................................................................................................................................... xi
congressional........................................................................................................................................................ xii
Connecticut....................................................................................................................................................... 11, 40
Conquest of Mexico....................................................................................................................................................... 13
constitution........................................................................................................................................................... 50
Construction Moderne................................................................................................................................................ 4, 9
Contra Costa........................................................................................................................................................... 92
Cornell University........................................................................................................................................... 50
corporal..................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Cotton................................................................................................................................................. 43, 63, 91, 94, 110
Cotton, Clint.................................................................................................................................................. 38, 39
Coulee............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
council......................................................................................................................................................................... xi
courage........................................................................................................................................................................ 64
cousin................................................................................................................................................................... 14, 112
Covelo........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
coyote..................................................................................................................................................................... 31, 61
Coyotero..................................................................................................................................................................... 72
crayon..................................................................................................................... 42, 66, 67, 73, 74, 77, 80, 82, 83, 95
Crazy........................................................................................................................................................................... 104
Creek............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
cremated........................................................................................................................................................................ x
cremation................................................................................................................................................................... 53
crippled......................................................................................................................................................... 28, 56, 91
Crook, George (Gen)........................................................................................................................................ 32
Crow 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 55, 64, 71
Crow Agency......................................................................................................................... 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 37, 71
Culin, (Robert) Stewart............................................................................................................................. 67
Culin, Stewart..................................................................................................................................................... 67
curator.................................................................................................................................................................. 61, 67
Curley........................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Curly............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Custer........................................................................................................... 12, 20, 24, 27, 30, 33, 34, 36, 56, 103, 109
Custer Hotel..................................................................................................................................................... 27, 29
Custer Massacre................................................................................................................................................... 91
Custer monument................................................................................................................................................... 29
Custer, George..................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Custer, George Armstrong (Gen)........................................................................................................... 95
cyclones..................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Daggett........................................................................................................................................................................ 69
Dakota................................................................................................................................................... 5, 6, 7, 25, 27, 64
dance................................................................................................................................... 22, 29, 30, 35, 44, 46, 65, 81
Darky............................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Darlington........................................................................................................................................ 57, 58, 59, 64, 71
Darwin........................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Dat-so-lah-lee..................................................................................................................................................... 76
David........................................................................................................................................................................... 103
David, Mary A........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Davis............................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Davis, Bette........................................................................................................................................................... 93
Davis, Edward H................................................................................................................................................. 71
Davis, Edward Harvey..................................................................................................................................... 71
Death Valley.................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Defreger, Franz V............................................................................................................................................ 12
Delavan........................................................................................................................................................................ 66
Democrat............................................................................................................................................................... 42, 94
Department of the Interior................................................................................................................. xi, 85
depressed............................................................................................................................................................. 61, 90
depression.................................................................................................................................................... 91, 94, 97
Desert............................................................................................................................................................. 68, 78, 112
Desert Cahuilla................................................................................................................................................... 72
Desert Magazine........................................................................................................................................... 96, 105
devil............................................................................................................................................................................. 44
dialect........................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Dictionary of American Painters, Sculpture and Engravers...................................................................................... 8
Dictionary of Art and Artists in Southern California Before 1930.................................................................. xii, 103
Diegueno......................................................................................................................................................... 71, 72, 73
Dieguenos................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Dietrick, Marlene............................................................................................................................................. 93
Digger............................................................................................................................................................... 73, 74, 75
diplomatic................................................................................................................................................................. ix
disc-like................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Ditch............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Ditch Camp................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Dixon........................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Dixon, Mrs. Seth................................................................................................................................................. ix
dog... 40
donkeys........................................................................................................................................................................ 37
Dorothy...................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Doubleday and Company............................................................................................................................................. 39
Douglas, Stephen................................................................................................................................................ xii
Dove Big Man........................................................................................................................................................... 58
Dragon........................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Duffy..................................................................................................................................................................... 95, 109
Duffy, Owen M.................................................................................................................................................... 109
Duffy, Philip...................................................................................................................................................... 109
Duke of Windsor................................................................................................................................................... 64
Duluth............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Dunlay, Thomas W............................................................................................................................................ 103
Dunne, Irene........................................................................................................................................................... 93
dye... 43
eagle feather............................................................................................................................................ 30, 41, 56
Eagle feather........................................................................................................................................................ 34
eagle feathers..................................................................................................................................................... 49
Eagle Nest................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Eakins..................................................................................................................................................................... 15, 54
Eakins, Thomas..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Earp, Wyatt............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Ed...... 13, 14, 20, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 44, 49, 50, 63, 66, 91
Eduardo........................................................................................................................................................................ 94
Edward....................................................................................................................................................... 4, 44, 103, 112
Egypt............................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Eilers, Sally........................................................................................................................................................ 93
E-i-tie........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
El...... 14
El Reno........................................................................................................................................................................ 64
Elbridge............................................................................................... xi, 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 82, 85, 87, 91, 106
elk... 21, 31, 58
Elk Creek............................................................................................................................................................. 75, 76
Elko 73, 74, 75
Emil 4
Enchanted................................................................................................................................................................... 38
English............................................................................................................ 20, 21, 22, 24, 40, 42, 45, 46, 50, 70, 76
Ensign........................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Erie Canal.................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Ernest.................................................................................................................................................................. xiii, 104
Essex............................................................................................................................................................................... 1
ethnographic........................................................................................................................................................... 31
ethnography............................................................................................................................................................. 67
ethnological............................................................................................................................................... 78, 79, 97
ethnologists........................................................................................................................................................... 60
Ethnology................................................................................................................................................................. 105
Eureka........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Europe............................................................................................................................. xii, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 57, 91, 98
European............................................................................................................................................... 6, 11, 12, 14, 19
Everett...................................................................................................................................................................... 101
excruciating............................................................................................................................................................ ix
exhibit............................................................................ 15, 33, 36, 48, 50, 60, 63, 65, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 89, 113
exhibition............................................................................................................................ 15, 32, 35, 36, 60, 77, 83
Ex-Indian................................................................................................................................................................... 98
exploring..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Express.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
ex-wife........................................................................................................................................................................ 87
Falls............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
Fan Francisco........................................................................................................................................................ 44
farm 54, 73, 95
farmer........................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Farmer, Frances................................................................................................................................................... 93
Farny, Henry L.................................................................................................................................................... 24
Favorite Pastime................................................................................................................................................ 15
Faye, Alice....................................................................................................................................................... 93, 94
feather........................................................................................................................................................................ 41
federal................................................................................................................................................................... xi, 97
federal government........................................................................................................................................... xii
Felix............................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Fewkes, Jesse Walter (Dr.)..................................................................................................................... 47
Field............................................................................................................................................................................. xiii
Field Columbian Museum............................................................................................................................... xiii
Field Museum..................................................................................................................................................... 82, 88
Field Museum of Natural History...................................................................................................... 112
fiesta........................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Fine Arts Journal............................................................................................................................................ 16, 101, 106
fire 34, 35, 37, 41, 59, 77, 93
Fisherman's Wharf............................................................................................................................................. 91
Flatheads................................................................................................................................................................... 33
flesh............................................................................................................................................................................. 60
Forest View Abbey........................................................................................................................................................... x
Fort 23, 25, 27, 28, 105
Fort Buchanan........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Fort Crittenden................................................................................................................................................... 13
Fort Custer............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Fort Sill...................................................................................................... xiii, 19, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 33, 48, 71, 93
Fort Snelling........................................................................................................................................................ 33
Fort Stanton........................................................................................................................................................... 81
Fort Yates.......................................................................................................................................................... 25, 28
Forts............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Fox... 64
France................................................................................................................................................. 4, 9, 11, 12, 19, 24
Franciscan................................................................................................................................................................ 92
Franco-Prussian................................................................................................................................................... 11
Fred 27
French.................................................................................................................................................................. xi, 4, 12
Frenetically........................................................................................................................................................... 53
frontier.................................................................................................................... xi, xiii, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 25, 66, 89
frontiersman........................................................................................................................................................... 11
Ft. Wingate............................................................................................................................................................. 95
Ft. Yates................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Fulda............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
furs 89
gallery............................................................................................................................................................ 41, 57, 65
Gallup............................................................................................................................................. 38, 39, 43, 77, 86, 94
gamblers..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
gambling............................................................................................................................................................... 65, 80
Ganada........................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Ganado................................................... 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 65, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95, 106, 109, 111
Gaudens, Augustine Saint........................................................................................................................... 77
geegaws........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
General.................................................................................................................................................. 55, 91, 103, 109
General Douglas MacArthur........................................................................................................................ 94
General Sherman redwood............................................................................................................................. 98
Geneva..................................................................................................................................................................... 14, 65
George........................................................................................................................................................... 64, 103, 104
George Bird Grinnell..................................................................................................................................... 59
George Washington University................................................................................................................ 61
German............................................................................................................................................................. 4, 5, 12, 46
Germany................................................................................................................................................ x, 11, 24, 96, 109
Geronimo............................................................................................................................................................... 53, 60
Gettysburg................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Getz, M. M................................................................................................................................................ 87, 88, 109
Ghost Dance................................................................................................................................................. xiii, 29, 59
Gi-aum-e Hon-o-me-tah................................................................................................................................. 105
Gi-aum-e Hon-o-me-tah........................................................................................................... 22, 23, 30, 31, 93
Gi-aum-e Hon-o-me-tah................................................................................................................................. 111
Gila 76
Glamorganshire Club................................................................................................................................ 14, 112
Globe............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
goat 79
goatskin..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Gods 46
gold 32, 78
golden............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Golden Gate Bridge.................................................................................................................................................. 92, 95
Golden Gate Bridge Towers........................................................................................................................ 92
Golden Gate International Exposition........................................................................................... 95
Golden Gate Theatre........................................................................................................................................ 93
Goodell, Joseph (Mrs.).............................................................................................................................. 109
government............................................................................... xi, xiii, 1, 12, 25, 30, 37, 45, 56, 59, 64, 67, 85, 94, 97
Governmental........................................................................................................................................................... 40
Grand junction..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Grande................................................................................................................................................................... 72, 103
grandfather........................................................................................................................................................... 2, 4
Grandpa.......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
grandson....................................................................................................................................................................... xi
Grant, Ulysses S. (Gen)................................................................................................................................................... 5
Graphic.......................................................................................................................................................... 76, 77, 105
grave............................................................................................................................................................................. 27
gray 43, 79
Gray Horse................................................................................................................................................................ 71
Great Falls........................................................................................................................................................... 112
great-grandson..................................................................................................................................................... 64
Greenbaum, Josepf............................................................................................................................................. 11
Greenbaum, Joseph............................................................................................................................................. 11
Grinnell, George................................................................................................................................................ 35
Groveland................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Hackenburg................................................................................................................................................................ 80
HAGONE.......................................................................................................................................................................... vii
Hall Roy..................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Halsted Chapel........................................................................................................................................................ x
Halsted's Mortuary............................................................................................................................................ ix
hamlet............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Hamlin........................................................................................................................................................................... 98
Hamlin Garland..................................................................................................................................................... 36
Hamlin, Herb................................................................................................................................................... 97, 105
Hamlin, Herbert.......................................................................................... ix, x, 5, 9, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 109, 112
Hano 44, 103
Hansen............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Harlow, Jean........................................................................................................................................................... 93
Harper Brothers................................................................................................................................................... 25
Harper's Weekly..................................................................................................................................... 4, 9, 24, 43
Harvard............................................................................. xi, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 14, 16, 63, 77, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 109
Havasupai................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Haven..................................................................................................................................................................... 11, 104
Haverhill..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Hawgone.................................................................................................................................................................. 22, 101
He Can't Sit Down............................................................................................................................................... 30
headdress................................................................................................................................................................... 50
headquarters......................................................................................................................................... 68, 76, 85, 86
heap 21
Heard Museum......................................................................................................................................................... 106
Heintzelman, Samuel P. (Col)................................................................................................................ 13
heirlooms................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Helena............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Hello Frisco Hello........................................................................................................................................... 94
Henderson................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Henderson, Randall................................................................................................................................... 96, 105
Henry............................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Henry L. Farny................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Hermon........................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Hickock, Wild Bill........................................................................................................................................... 13
Hinshaw, Merton E.......................................................................................................................................... 105
historians................................................................................................................................................................ 60
History of McHenry County..................................................................................................................................... xii, 8
hobos............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Hodge, Frederick Webb................................................................................................................................... 92
hogan 79
Hogan............................................................................................................................................................................. 79
Holbrook..................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Holds the Enemy................................................................................................................................................... 64
Holland.................................................................................................................................................................. 64, 96
Hollywood................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Holmes......................................................................................................................... 61, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 109
Holmes, William Henry....................................................................................................................... 68, 70, 71
Holt-Atherton Pacific Center for Western Studies............................................. 9, 109, 111
Ho-mo-vi..................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Hom-o-vi..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Hoopa............................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Hoopla........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Hopi xiii, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 67, 68, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 83, 85, 95, 104
Hopi ceremonial snakes................................................................................................................................ 83
Hopiland..................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Hopis............................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Horn xiii, 24, 27
Horse........................................................................................................................................................................... 104
horseback......................................................................................................................................................... 6, 21, 55
horsemen..................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Hospital................................................................................................................................................................... 109
Hotel del Monte................................................................................................................................................... 83
Hotel Kerfoot........................................................................................................................................................ 64
Hotel Manx................................................................................................................................................................ 93, 94
Hotemville................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Hualapai..................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Hubbell 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 94, 106, 109, 111
Hubbell Trading post..................................................................................................................................... 42
Hubbell Trading Post............................................................................................................... 63, 85, 109, 112
Hubbell Trading Post, National Historic Site........................................................... 106, 109
Hubbell, Barbara................................................................................................................................................ 95
Hubbell, Dorothy........................................................................................................................................ 88, 109
Hubbell, Juan Lorenzo................................................................................................................................... 39
Hubbell, Loranzo................................................................................................................................................ 88
Hubbell, Lorenzo.................................................................................. 19, 39, 40, 43, 63, 87, 89, 94, 95, 96, 109
Hubbell, Lorerzo................................................................................................................................................ 80
Hubbell, Roman................................................................................. 40, 42, 44, 63, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 109
Huff, Nellie............................................................................................................................................................ ix
Hugh L. Scott........................................................................................................................................................ 20
humanitarian.......................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Humboldt County................................................................................................................................................... 75
Hunkpapa..................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hunt 103
Hunt, William Morris..................................................................................................................................... 12
Huntington Library........................................................................................................................................... 92
Idaho............................................................................................................................................................... 29, 97, 104
Idle Moments........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Ignacio........................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Iliniwek....................................................................................................................................................................... xi
Illinois................................... x, xi, xii, 1, 2, 4, 8, 54, 63, 65, 66, 77, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 103, 107, 109, 111, 112
Indian Boy Leaving Home............................................................................................................................. 88
Indian Horse........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Indian Intercourse Act of 1834............................................................................................................ xi
intaglio..................................................................................................................................................................... 82
Interior..................................................................................................................................................................... 42
interlocutory divorce................................................................................................................................... 76
interpreter..................................................................................................................................... 21, 28, 35, 55, 64
interred........................................................................................................................................................................ x
Iowa 81
Irma 93
Isleta............................................................................................................................................................... 36, 81, 95
Jacinto........................................................................................................................................................................ 67
Jack 65, 103
Jackson...................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Jackson Park........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Jackson, Helen Maria Fisk Hunt........................................................................................................... 69
James........................................................................................................................................................................... 103
James, George Wharton................................................................................................................................. 105
Japanese..................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Japanese Tea Gardens..................................................................................................................................... 91
Jean Arthur............................................................................................................................................................. 93
Jeddito........................................................................................................................................................................ 95
Jeffers, Jo........................................................................................................................................................... 106
Jemez........................................................................................................................................................... 44, 48, 81, 95
Jemez River............................................................................................................................................................. 80
Jewett......................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Jewish........................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Jo...... 67, 106
Jo Mora: Photographs 1904-1907........................................................................................................... 67
Johannesburg........................................................................................................................................................... 74
John 1, 74, 90, 109, 110, 111
John Kiser........................................................................................................................................................ 60, 112
Jones, Harry C.................................................................................................................................... 16, 105, 106
Jose 97
Joseph........................................................................................................................................................... 91, 103, 111
Juane............................................................................................................................................................................. 54
Juan-les-pins...................................................................................................................................................... 4, 9
Kahlenberg, Mary H....................................................................................................................................... 106
Kalblinger................................................................................................................................................................ 81
Kalblinger, Nettie......................................................................................................................... 87, 88, 89, 90
Kansas........................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Kansas City............................................................................................................................................................. 96
Kanst Galleries....................................................................................................................................... 78, 79, 81
Kanst Gallery.................................................................................................................................................. 77, 78
Kanst Studio........................................................................................................................................................... 77
Katchina..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Katz, Phil................................................................................................................................................................. ix
Katzima........................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Keam, Thomas Varker........................................................................................................................................ 43
Keams Canyon................................................................................... 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 78
Keams County........................................................................................................................................................... 72
Keams, Thomas........................................................................................................................................................ 19
Keams, Tom.......................................................................................................................................................... 44, 45
Keith............................................................................................................................................................................. 96
Kenosha.................................................................................................................................................................... 1, 63
Keokuk........................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Keresan.................................................................................................................................................................. 44, 81
Kern 74
Kickapoo................................................................................................................................................................. xi, 72
Kickapoo warrior................................................................................................................................................ 65
Kicking-Bear........................................................................................................................................................... 57
kilt 49
king 66
Kintpuash................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Kiowa............................................................................................................................................. 21, 22, 23, 24, 60, 101
Kiowas........................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Kirk, Tom................................................................................................................................................................. 106
Kiser............................................................................................................................................... 90, 91, 109, 110, 111
Kiser, A. E. (Dr.)........................................................................................................................................... 90
Kiser, John........................................................................................................................................................... 106
Kiser, John (Dr.)............................................................................................................. ix, x, 42, 65, 90, 91, 92
Kiser, John R. (Dr.)................................................................................................................... 109, 110, 113
Kiva 45, 46
Ki-you-see................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Klamath.................................................................................................................................................................. 65, 75
knee 31, 54
knife............................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Kobahlmen................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Koncow........................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Koo-koo........................................................................................................................................................................ 78
Ko-pe-ley............................................................................................................................................................. 49, 50
Kuehl-lah-y-e-man............................................................................................................................................. 50
Kukah............................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Laguna............................................................................................................................................. 36, 37, 38, 72, 80, 81
Laguna Honda County Nursing Home....................................................................................................... ix
Laguna Honda Hospital.................................................................................................................................... ix
Lake Huron.................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Lake Michigan.......................................................................................................................................................... 1
La-low-she-us........................................................................................................................................................ 65
Lame Deer................................................................................................................................................. 33, 34, 35, 71
Land of Sunshine.............................................................................................................................................. 106
Lando, Isadore..................................................................................................................................................... 11
Laraia, J. N......................................................................................................................................................... 88
Lava 65
Lay, Myrna................................................................................................................................................................ 93
leather............................................................................................................................................................ 31, 43, 58
leather-jacketed................................................................................................................................................ 12
Leaving Home for the Carlisle Indian School........................................................................ 42
Leaving Town for the Carlisle School........................................................................................... 89
legislature............................................................................................................................................................... 1
Leigh, William R........................................................................................................................................... x, 12
Library...................................................................................................................................................... 109, 111, 112
limelight................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Lincoln.............................................................................................................................................. 4, 77, 93, 103, 104
Little Big Horn............................................................................................................................................. 27, 36
Little Big Horn River................................................................................................................................... 29
livestock....................................................................................................................................................... xii, 68, 69
Lizzie........................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Lockwood, Francis A....................................................................................................................................... xii
Loco 42
lodge............................................................................................................................................................................. 60
Lodge-plah................................................................................................................................................................ 78
London....................................................................................................................................................... 13, 14, 50, 105
Long-Tom Washington................................................................................................................................................. 64
Lorenzo................................................................................................................................................................ 94, 111
Los Angeles............................. viii, xii, 9, 11, 49, 68, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88, 92, 94, 103, 107, 109, 111, 112
Los Angeles Corral of the Westerners......................................................................................... 106
Los Angeles County Museum of Art................................................................................................... 106
Los Angeles Times................................................................................................... 71, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 88, 90
Louis............................................................................................................................................................................. 85
Lowell............................................................................................................................................................ xi, 1, 2, 103
Ludwigstrasse........................................................................................................................................................ 12
Luiseno........................................................................................................................................................................ 69
Lummis, Charles Fletcher......................................................................................................................... 106
MacArthur, Douglas (Gen.)........................................................................................................................ 95
MacDonald, Jeanette........................................................................................................................................ 93
Mac-ke-puck-e........................................................................................................................................................ 65
MacNeil........................................................................................................................................................................ 50
MacNeil, Hermon................................................................................................................................................... 50
Mad River................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Mad River Indians.......................................................................................................................................................... 75
Maidu................................................................................................................................................................. 74, 75, 78
Mammy....................................................................................................................................................................... 78, 83
Mandan............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Mandarin Theatre................................................................................................................................................ 91
Mangas..................................................................................................................................................................... 20, 60
manic-depressive................................................................................................................................................ 90
Manitou Ave............................................................................................................................................................ 88
mannequins................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Manuelito................................................................................................................................................................... 85
MANX viii
Manx Hotel............................................................................................................................. ix, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99
Many Brushes....................................................................................................................................................... i, 47, 54
Maple, Sarah Jane............................................................................................................................................. 81
marauding................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Mare 6
Maricopa..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Maricopa County................................................................................................................................................... 76
Mariposa Big Tree Grove............................................................................................................................. 98
Marlene...................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Marriage License.............................................................................................................................................. 111
Marshal Fields..................................................................................................................................................... 83
Marshall Field and Company..................................................................................................................... 83
Mary 65, 112
mask 4, 92
Massachusetts..................................................................................................................................... xi, 1, 2, 15, 50
massacre..................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Massey, Iona........................................................................................................................................................... 93
Masterson, Bat..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Maximillianstrase............................................................................................................................................. 12
Maxwell, Everett........................................................................................................................................ 16, 106
McClure's.................................................................................................................................................................. 36, 44
McGee........................................................................................................................................................................... 109
McGee, William J.............................................................................................................................................. 68
McHenry................................................................................................................................................................ 63, 103
McHenry County........................................................................................................................................... xi, 1, 2, 8
McMillan Publishing Company..................................................................................................................................... xi
McNeill, Thomas S.......................................................................................................................................... 106
Medal............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
medicine....................................................................................................................................... 23, 36, 37, 49, 54, 65
medicine man..................................................................................................................................................... 28, 35
medicine Man........................................................................................................................................................... 25
Medicine Woman..................................................................................................................................................... 58
Meier, August (Dr.)......................................................................................................................................................... ix
Mendocino County................................................................................................................................................ 75
mental................................................................................................................................................................. 4, 89, 91
Menwock........................................................................................................................................................................ 78
mercantile.................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Merkel, Una............................................................................................................................................................. 93
mesa 44, 45
Mesa Grande................................................................................................................................................. 71, 72, 73
mesquite..................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Me-ten-eek................................................................................................................................................................ 78
Mexican.................................................................................................................................... 39, 40, 44, 59, 69, 82, 94
Mexico................................................................................................................... 12, 22, 36, 37, 40, 44, 67, 72, 95, 103
Michigan................................................................................................................................................... 15, 16, 63, 72
mid-westerners....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Mike 54
Miles, Nelson A. (Gen)................................................................................................................................ 55
military................................................................................................................................................................ xii, 13
Miller Charlie..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Millet..................................................................................................................................................................... 20, 96
Millet, G. V....................................................................................................................................................... 109
Millet, John Francis (Val)..................................................................................................................... 12
Millett........................................................................................................................................................................ 96
Millett, G. V...................................................................................................................................................... 96
Mills............................................................................................................................................................................. 82
Milwaukee................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Mine 13
miners...................................................................................................................................................................... xi, xii
minister............................................................................................................................................................... 37, 64
Minneapolis....................................................................................................................................................... 5, 109
Minnesota......................................................................................................................................................... 2, 4, 5, 7
Mishonghovi............................................................................................................................................................. 44
Mission........................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Mission Indian................................................................................................................................................................ 69
Mission Indians........................................................................................................................... 49, 50, 69, 70, 72
Mission San Juan Bautista........................................................................................................................ 98
Mission San Miguel........................................................................................................................................... 98
Mission Tule River Agency........................................................................................................................ 80
missionaries........................................................................................................................................................... 47
missionary................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Mississippi........................................................................................................................................................... xi, 4
Mississippi River.............................................................................................................................................. xii
Missouri......................................................................................................................................................... 27, 64, 96
Miwock........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
moccasins............................................................................................................................................................. 22, 31
Modoc....................................................................................................................................................................... 64, 72
Modoc Wars................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Moenkopi..................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Mohave........................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Mohave Desert........................................................................................................................................................ 69
Mohave River........................................................................................................................................................... 69
Mojave................................................................................................................................. 49, 50, 53, 72, 73, 76, 77, 80
Mojave River........................................................................................................................................................... 74
molly cuddle........................................................................................................................................................... 83
Monde Illustre.............................................................................................................................................................. 4, 9
monk 25
Montana............................................................................ 5, 6, 12, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 71, 109, 112, 113
Monterey............................................................................................................................................................... 67, 83
Monthly Illustrator...................................................................................................................................... 106
Moqui............................................................................................................................................................................. 44
Moquis........................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Mora 67, 68
Mora, Jo......................................................................................................................................................... 73, 76, 78
Mora, Joseph Jacinto..................................................................................................................................... 67
Mormons........................................................................................................................................................................ xii
Moro 81
Moses............................................................................................................................................................................. 55
mountain............................................................................................................................................................... 25, 43
mountain lions..................................................................................................................................................... 61
Mt. Olivet Cemetery.......................................................................................................................................... x
Mt. Olivet Memorial Park..................................................................................................................... x, 110
Mt. Saint Helen................................................................................................................................................... 91
Mt. Tamalpais........................................................................................................................................................ 91
mud and dobie........................................................................................................................................................ 36
mules............................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Munich................................................................................................................................. x, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 50, 109
museum............................................................................................................................................. 65, 67, 76, 78, 79, 80
Muskohee....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
My Cabin in the Hills................................................................................................................................... 93
Nachez........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Naiche................................................................................................................................................................... 60, 101
Nambe River............................................................................................................................................................. 80
Nampeyo........................................................................................................................................................................ 68
Napa 54, 91, 92, 109
Napa State Hospital................................................................................................................. ix, 90, 91, 96, 99
Napa Valley............................................................................................................................................................. 98
Na-po....................................................................................................................................................................... 75, 78
Nation................................................................................................................................................................... 55, 104
national................................................................................................................................................................ xii, 57
National Academy of Design....................................................................................................................................... 15
National Park Service................................................................................................................................... 85
native.................................................................................................................................................. xiii, 14, 29, 43, 83
Native American................................................................................................................................................. 101
Nauen............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Nauen, Paul............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Navaho........................................................................................................................................................... 38, 103, 106
Navaho Weaving, Its Changes and History................................................................................. 103
Navajo................. 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50, 51, 64, 66, 67, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 87, 88, 95, 105, 106
Navajo blankets............................................................................................................................................. 63, 83
Navajo God................................................................................................................................................................ 80
Navajo Indians leaving a Dance........................................................................................................... 96
Navajo Reservation..................................................................................................................................... 38, 88
Navajo rug designs........................................................................................................................................... 65
Navajo rug patterns........................................................................................................................................ 63
Navajo rugs............................................................................................................................................................. 63
Navajos.................................................................................................................................................................. 19, 43
Navy 96
Nebraska............................................................................................................................................. 57, 103, 104, 112
necklace..................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Needles.......................................................................................................................................... 42, 51, 53, 72, 76, 77
Negro....................................................................................................................................................................... 15, 78
negroes........................................................................................................................................................................ 83
Nes Perce................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Nes Pilem............................................................................................................................................................. 54, 55
Nespilan..................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Nespilem..................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Nes-Pilem............................................................................................................................................................. 29, 32
Nettie........................................................................................................................................... 81, 82, 83, 89, 94, 111
Neuwock........................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Nevada....................................................................................................................................................... 73, 74, 75, 103
New Hampshire.......................................................................................................................................................... 1
New Mexico.................................................................................................................................. 36, 38, 39, 44, 67, 80
New York....................................................................................................................................................... xi, 5, 11, 39
New York Artists.................................................................................................................................................. x
Newberry..................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Newberry Library............................................................................................................... xiii, 13, 19, 22, 93, 112
Nez... 33, 71
Nez Perce.......................................................................................................................................... xiii, 31, 33, 36, 55
Nez Perces................................................................................................................................................................ 32
No-Flesh..................................................................................................................................................................... 57
nomadic........................................................................................................................................................................ 39
Nomelacquie............................................................................................................................................................. 75
non-Indian................................................................................................................................................................ 45
North Dakota..................................................................................................................................................... 27, 28
Northern Pacific Railroad.............................................................................................................. 5, 28, 97
Northwest Illustrated Monthly........................................................................................................... 5, 6
Nye, Lowell Albert............................................................................................................................................. 8
O'Farrell Street................................................................................................................................................. ix
O'Sullivan, Blanche.......................................................................................................................................................... x
Oberamergau............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Ocean Park................................................................................................................................................................ 76
Ogalalla..................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Oglalla............................................................................................................................................................ 55, 57, 72
Ohio 12, 24, 61, 65, 83, 111
Ojibway.................................................................................................................................................................. 65, 83
Okalahoma................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Oklahoma............................................................................. xiii, 2, 19, 23, 27, 64, 81, 93, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 113
Oklahoma Historical Society................................................................................................................. 105
Oklahoma Territory............................................................................................................................... 20, 22, 65
Olmstead, Frederick........................................................................................................................................ 15
Omaha..................................................................................................................................................................... 57, 112
One Feather............................................................................................................................................................. 64
one who yawns........................................................................................................................................................ 24
Oneida........................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Oraibi........................................................................................................................................................................... 44
orator.................................................................................................................................................................... xiii, 58
orchids.......................................................................................................................................................................... x
Oregon..................................................................................................................................................... 5, 42, 76, 77, 78
Oregon Central Railroad............................................................................................................................... 5
Oregon Steamship Company............................................................................................................................. 5
organ................................................................................................................................................................................ x
Oriabi............................................................................................................................................................... 44, 68, 95
Orient........................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Oriental..................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Osage....................................................................................................................................................................... 71, 93
Ottowa..................................................................................................................................................................... 64, 72
Owen 95, 109
ox...... 98
oxcarts........................................................................................................................................................................ 98
oysters.................................................................................................................................................................. 16, 55
Pacific...................................................................................................................................... 5, 24, 98, 109, 111, 112
Pah-bah-gut............................................................................................................................................................. 54
paint ix, xiii, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 85, 89, 94, 96
painter.......................................................................................................... 4, 9, 11, 12, 24, 47, 60, 67, 68, 85, 95, 96
painting xii, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 73, 79, 81, 85, 88, 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101
Paiute........................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Pajarito..................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Pala 69, 72, 78
Palace............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Palace of Fine Arts........................................................................................................................................ 91
palette.................................................................................................................................................................... x, xiii
Palouse.................................................................................................................................................................. 29, 72
panacea........................................................................................................................................................................ 89
Panama Pacific Exposition........................................................................................................................ 15
Panamint............................................................................................................................................................... 74, 78
Papago..................................................................................................................................................................... 68, 72
papoose........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Parachute Infantry........................................................................................................................................... 96
Paris......................................................................................................................................................... 4, 9, 15, 19, 50
Passion.................................................................................................................................................................. 12, 14
Passion Play..................................................................................................................................................... 13, 96
pastel........................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Pattison, James William........................................................................................................................... 106
Paul 4, 5
peaches........................................................................................................................................................................ 45
peacock........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Peaux-Rouges........................................................................................................................................................... 83
Pendleton Mills................................................................................................................................................... 42
penguin........................................................................................................................................................................ 93
Pennoyer Sanitarium........................................................................................................................................ 63
Pennsylvania................................................................................................................................... 14, 24, 58, 65, 81
Perce............................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Perceval Hotel..................................................................................................................................................... 82
pharmacologist..................................................................................................................................................... 96
Philadelphia............................................................................................................................................... 12, 65, 83
philanthropist..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Phoenix................................................................................................................................................................ 68, 106
phoneticized........................................................................................................................................................... 74
phonograph................................................................................................................................................................ 35
photograph........................................................................................................................................ 66, 74, 83, 85, 92
photographer........................................................................................................................................................... 53
photographic........................................................................................................................................................... 82
photography............................................................................................................................................................. 54
photogravure........................................................................................................................................................... 82
photogravures........................................................................................................................................................ 82
physician.............................................................................................................................................................. ix, 90
physique..................................................................................................................................................................... 56
piano............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Pima 42, 68, 72
Pima Indian Reservation............................................................................................................................. 68
Pima Reservation................................................................................................................................................ 68
Pine Ridge................................................................................................................ 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 55, 56, 57, 72
Pine Ridge Agency............................................................................................................................................. 29
Pine Ridge Agency............................................................................................................................................. 33
Pine Ridge Agency............................................................................................................................................. 57
Pingry Academy..................................................................................................................................................... 67
pistols........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Pit River Indians............................................................................................................................................. 75
Piute................................................................................................................................................................. 73, 74, 78
Plains............................................................................................................................................................. xii, 58, 103
Plenty........................................................................................................................................................................... 55
pneumonia................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Podesta.......................................................................................................................................................................... x
Poet of Indian Painters............................................................................................................................. 30
poison..................................................................................................................................................................... 28, 46
Polacca................................................................................................................................................ 44, 46, 49, 67, 68
Pole-lee..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
police...................................................................................................................................................................... ix, 91
Pomo 72, 75
Pontiac........................................................................................................................................................................ 64
Pontyprydd (Lord)............................................................................................................................................. 14
Pony 6, 13
Pony Express............................................... ix, x, xii, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 55, 92, 96, 98, 105, 106, 112
Pony Express Courier................................................................................................................................... 105
Pony Express Courier..................................................................................................................... 8, 94, 97, 98
Pony Express Courier................................................................................................................................... 105
Pony Express Courier................................................................................................................................... 109
Portland....................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Portrait
Ah-co-ahn-ney...................................................................................................... 81
Ah-ge-pah................................................................................................................ 47
Antonio Martinze............................................................................................... 70
Ap-Kaw........................................................................................................................ 68
Be-tow........................................................................................................................ 69
Bett-trah................................................................................................................ 74
Bi-lish..................................................................................................................... 25
Blah-se-dah........................................................................................................... 69
Bone-tah................................................................................................................... 23
Brule Sioux........................................................................................................... 67
Chasequah................................................................................................................ 23
Chat-ah..................................................................................................................... 70
Chato.......................................................................................................................... 24
Chewawa..................................................................................................................... 23
Chief American Horse..................................................................................... 34
Chief Antonio...................................................................................................... 25
Chief Bears Claw............................................................................................... 31
Chief Chiquito.................................................................................................... 25
Chief Deaf Bull................................................................................................. 33
Chief Es-nin-nas-pas..................................................................................... 25
Chief Fo-lo-ho-pay.......................................................................................... 81
Chief Geronimo.................................................................................................... 20
Chief Grey Hair................................................................................................. 28
Chief Ho-San......................................................................................................... 68
Chief Joseph......................................................................................................... 32
Chief Little Chief.......................................................................................... 34
Chief Loco.............................................................................................................. 24
Chief Mangas......................................................................................................... 23
Chief Manuelito................................................................................................. 79
Chief Many Horses............................................................................................ 40
Chief Medicine Crow....................................................................................... 31
Chief Naiche......................................................................................................... 19
Chief Plenty Coups.......................................................................................... 29
Chief Pretty Eagle.......................................................................................... 29
Chief Rain-in-the-Face................................................................................ 27
Chief Red Cloud................................................................................................. 33
Chief Santos......................................................................................................... 25
Chief Tal-klai.................................................................................................... 25
Chief Two Moons................................................................................................. 34
Chief Two-Key...................................................................................................... 41
Chief Wee-te-luck............................................................................................ 75
Chief White Swan............................................................................................... 33
Chil-chu-ana......................................................................................................... 25
Chiquito................................................................................................................... 25
Cinnamon Bear...................................................................................................... 66
Concepcion Calac............................................................................................... 71
Cook-oo-lah........................................................................................................... 75
Curley........................................................................................................................ 27
Dahl-ee..................................................................................................................... 47
DeLoris Lacher.................................................................................................... 71
Der-we-low-yellow............................................................................................ 80
Do-min-gah.............................................................................................................. 74
Domingo..................................................................................................................... 69
Domingo me-ah-Ijiah....................................................................................... 81
Duck Child.............................................................................................................. 28
Eagle Claw.............................................................................................................. 33
Eagle Woman........................................................................................................... 67
Eh-Sey-reh.............................................................................................................. 74
Elanar........................................................................................................................ 70
Elco-vah................................................................................................................... 69
Emanuel-Tenerio................................................................................................. 81
E-Ney.......................................................................................................................... 24
Ewa............................................................................................................................... 23
Francisco................................................................................................................ 69
Gah-kah-choe......................................................................................................... 73
Gi-aum-e Hon-o-me-tah.................................................................................. 21
Gleh-so..................................................................................................................... 45
Hah-Kah..................................................................................................................... 68
Hah-not-tie........................................................................................................... 81
Hah-re-Naldo......................................................................................................... 74
Hairy Wolf.............................................................................................................. 33
Han-nan-toe........................................................................................................... 80
Has-kin-es-tal.................................................................................................... 25
Has-teen-e-ashe-ee.......................................................................................... 47
Hastin-Gaha-Bitzi............................................................................................ 38
Has-tin-nez........................................................................................................... 47
Hawgone..................................................................................................................... 19
Hoe-dah..................................................................................................................... 81
Holds the Enemy................................................................................................. 33
Hong-ee..................................................................................................................... 45
Ho-say-Doming...................................................................................................... 69
Ho-se-pah................................................................................................................ 70
Hosteen-ash-ee.................................................................................................... 40
Ho-tah........................................................................................................................ 81
Hualapi..................................................................................................................... 81
Hush-Low................................................................................................................... 29
Im-who-che.............................................................................................................. 73
Jose-Calas.............................................................................................................. 71
Juan Marron........................................................................................................... 69
Kah-ah........................................................................................................................ 80
Kah-eh........................................................................................................................ 80
Kah-lah-cha........................................................................................................... 80
Kar-la-bie.............................................................................................................. 75
Kar-nah-C-O-nah................................................................................................. 69
Ke-veh-jah.............................................................................................................. 81
Ki-you-se................................................................................................................ 37
Koe-ah-di................................................................................................................ 45
Ko-pe-ley................................................................................................................ 45
Lah-gah-wood-ey................................................................................................. 75
Le-van-us................................................................................................................ 69
Low-ste..................................................................................................................... 68
Luisano-Lujan...................................................................................................... 80
Lu-Ise-Ah................................................................................................................ 68
Mad Dog..................................................................................................................... 73
Mad River War...................................................................................................... 75
Mah-re-ah................................................................................................................ 81
Mah-so-lin-a-quasis....................................................................................... 69
Mah-te........................................................................................................................ 81
Mah-Tel-lo.............................................................................................................. 76
Moe-eh-ahn-yeh.................................................................................................... 80
Mon-well................................................................................................................... 81
Morongo..................................................................................................................... 69
Na-chic-tah........................................................................................................... 75
Nad-kah..................................................................................................................... 25
Na-goze-de-tah.................................................................................................... 25
Nah-hoha-trum...................................................................................................... 74
Nar-see-so-La-chapa....................................................................................... 71
No-say-da-Loris-Capistrano...................................................................... 70
Oah-Montoya........................................................................................................... 81
O-Chin........................................................................................................................ 81
O-ko-a-po-bi......................................................................................................... 48
O-koon-sey.............................................................................................................. 45
Oku-ah-syd-eh...................................................................................................... 80
O-kus-ah-yeah-ya............................................................................................... 24
One Bull................................................................................................................... 29
One Star................................................................................................................... 67
Ooch-u-ha-wah...................................................................................................... 76
Pack-ah-me-toe.................................................................................................... 81
Pah-que..................................................................................................................... 80
Paph............................................................................................................................. 80
Pay-tah..................................................................................................................... 45
Peck-an-Billie.................................................................................................... 75
Pole-Lee................................................................................................................... 44
Ponc-te-mah........................................................................................................... 68
Pum-ah-o-key-wah............................................................................................... 76
Quan-o-p................................................................................................................... 80
Quen-Chow-A........................................................................................................... 46
Ramona........................................................................................................................ 70
Red Hawk................................................................................................................... 28
Red Woman................................................................................................................ 24
Ro-sin-da................................................................................................................ 69
Sali-da..................................................................................................................... 69
Sal-va-zar.............................................................................................................. 69
Say-Kah-nee-ah.................................................................................................... 75
Scak-e-al................................................................................................................ 24
Schah-asch-she-pro.......................................................................................... 75
Schock-o-wah......................................................................................................... 75
See-He-Nachee...................................................................................................... 68
Seeley........................................................................................................................ 81
Sees A White Horse.......................................................................................... 33
Se-i-we-mah........................................................................................................... 80
Se-may-you-sih.................................................................................................... 37
Se-o-low-o.............................................................................................................. 81
Se-pran-sah........................................................................................................... 70
Se-te-ah-kah......................................................................................................... 71
She Rides a Plain Horse............................................................................. 33
Shoe-my-me.............................................................................................................. 75
Si-me-Kju................................................................................................................ 37
Si-you-wee-teh-ze-sah.................................................................................. 48
Skong-o-bah........................................................................................................... 68
Sky Bull................................................................................................................... 67
Sool-ah-boo........................................................................................................... 75
Tajole Bijuie...................................................................................................... 38
Tal-lla..................................................................................................................... 25
Tan-bo-ho-ya......................................................................................................... 45
Tan-pes-now-ah.................................................................................................... 80
Tan-quanale-tch................................................................................................. 24
Tegest........................................................................................................................ 79
Te-o-whe-low......................................................................................................... 80
Ter-E-sa................................................................................................................... 69
Tessie........................................................................................................................ 75
Teyn-you-soum-wy............................................................................................... 80
Tja-yo-ni................................................................................................................ 47
Tli-ich-na-pa...................................................................................................... 47
Ton-had-dle........................................................................................................... 69
Ton-had-dle-ico................................................................................................. 22
Ton-ti-tah.............................................................................................................. 40
Tow-mas-Cisco...................................................................................................... 69
Two-see-e................................................................................................................ 74
Tya-yon..................................................................................................................... 41
We-y-shone.............................................................................................................. 80
Wha-kane................................................................................................................... 74
Whan (t)................................................................................................................... 68
Whan-ah..................................................................................................................... 70
Whe-shing................................................................................................................ 81
White Shell........................................................................................................... 32
Woide-yah................................................................................................................ 43
Woid-yah................................................................................................................... 81
Wok-k-no................................................................................................................... 81
Wong-ge-tow-ee.................................................................................................... 70
Yah-me-zah.............................................................................................................. 81
Yam-wee..................................................................................................................... 75
Ya-otza Beg-ay.................................................................................................... 40
Yeal Lee................................................................................................................... 67
Zahn-Dah................................................................................................................... 67
Zepah.......................................................................................................................... 79
Zui-sti-yailah.................................................................................................... 81
Zuqist........................................................................................................................ 43
ZuZuish-la.............................................................................................................. 81
Zy-you-wah.............................................................................................................. 45
Portypeyd, Lord................................................................................................................................................. 112
Potowatima................................................................................................................................................................ 72
potter........................................................................................................................................................................... 68
pottery.................................................................................................................. 19, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 53, 63, 85
Powell St............................................................................................................................................................ ix, 99
Powell, Lawrence Clark.............................................................................................................................. 106
prejudice................................................................................................................................................................... xii
prejudices................................................................................................................................................................ xii
Prescott, William Hickling..................................................................................................................... 13
Presidency................................................................................................................................................................ xii
President.............................................................................................................................................................. xiii, 5
President Howard Taft................................................................................................................................ 82
President Abraham Lincoln........................................................................................................... x, xii, 4, 92
President Andrew Jackson............................................................................................................................ xi
President Chester A. Arthur..................................................................................................................... 5
President James McKinley........................................................................................................................... 60
President James McKinley.......................................................................................................................... xiii
President James Monroe................................................................................................................................. xi
President John Quincy Adams.................................................................................................................... xi
President Lincoln............................................................................................................................................. 93
President Teddy Roosevelt.................................................................................................................. 40, 98
President Theodore Roosevelt......................................................................................................... xiii, 94
President Ulysses S. Grant..................................................................................................................... 57
priest........................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Princess............................................................................................................................................................. 65, 105
President Abraham Lincoln........................................................................... x
prison..................................................................................................................................................................... 33, 59
prisoner................................................................................................................................................................ xii, 20
psychiatric....................................................................................................................................................... 90, 99
psychiatrist........................................................................................................................................................... 90
public library..................................................................................................................................................... 83
Pueblo............................................................................................................................................. 40, 49, 72, 80, 82, 93
Puebloans................................................................................................................................................. 40, 43, 80, 81
Puebloe........................................................................................................................................................................ 72
pueblos.................................................................................................................................................................. 45, 80
Quang............................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Quapaw........................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Quim-Cha-Ke-Cha................................................................................................................................................... 54
railroad..................................................................................................................................... 5, 6, 43, 50, 51, 54, 55
Ramona........................................................................................................................................................................... 69
rancherias................................................................................................................................................................ 74
Randall........................................................................................................................................................................ 96
rattlesnakes........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Rave 15
Reconstruction....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Red Cloud........................................................................................................................................................................ 56
red-heads................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Regamy............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Regamy, Felix Elie......................................................................................................................................... 4, 9
Remington, Frederick..................................................................................................................................... 30
Reno 33, 64, 73
Republican...................................................................................................................................................... 2, 42, 94
Reservation........................................................................................................................................... 39, 56, 60, 61
reverend..................................................................................................................................................................... 37
rheumatism.......................................................................................................................................................... 47, 68
Rhyolite..................................................................................................................................................................... 95
rifle................................................................................................................................................................. 40, 57, 59
Rio... 103
Rio Grande.................................................................................................................................................... 44, 80, 81
Rio Grande Press.............................................................................................................................................. 103
Robert............................................................................................................................................................. 4, 103, 104
Roberts, Wilmer................................................................................................................................................... 95
Rock Creek................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Rock Island............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Rock Island Railroad............................................................................................................................... 20, 33
Rockford........................................................................................................................................ x, 63, 65, 76, 85, 111
Rockford Public Library........................................................................................................................... 110
Rogers, Ginger..................................................................................................................................................... 93
Rogers, William Allen................................................................................................................................... 25
Romero, Cesar........................................................................................................................................................ 93
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano..................................................................................................................... 95
Rose Bud Agency................................................................................................................................................... 27
Rosebud............................................................................................................................................................ 34, 67, 72
Rosebud Agency..................................................................................................................................................... 66
Rosebud Agency............................................................................................................................................... 33, 66
Rosebud Reservation........................................................................................................................................ 64
Rosenthal, Toby................................................................................................................................. 11, 12, 13, 15
Royal Academie..................................................................................................................................................... 11
Royce......................................... xiii, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 50, 54, 56, 59, 61, 65, 69, 75, 81, 97, 101, 104, 109
Royce, Ernest (Dr.)........................................................................................................................................ 96
rug... 42, 43, 79
rug weavers............................................................................................................................................................. 44
rugweaving................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Russell...................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Russell, Charles M......................................................................................................................................... 95
Sac... 64
Sac and Fox......................................................................................................................................... xi, xii, 1, 64, 72
Sac and Fox Agency........................................................................................................................................... 72
Sacaton.................................................................................................................................................................. 68, 72
Sacramento................................................................................................................................................ 75, 107, 111
Saint........................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Salem............................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Salisbury..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Salton Sea................................................................................................................................................................ 69
San... 89
San Antonio de Pala........................................................................................................................................ 98
San Bernardino Mountains........................................................................................................................... 69
San Carlos.................................................................................................................................................... 23, 25, 72
San Diego.......................................................................................................................... i, ii, iii, 71, 80, 81, 98, 106, 107
San Diego Corral of the Westerners................................................................................................ 106
San Diego County.................................................................................................................................................... 70, 71
San Diego Union................................................................................................................................................. 107
San Felipe.................................................................................................................................................... 70, 81, 95
San Felippe............................................................................................................................................................. 72
San Fellippo........................................................................................................................................................... 78
San francisco........................................................................................................................................................ 91
San Francisco.............................................. ix, x, 11, 13, 15, 73, 75, 77, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 112
San Francisco Chronicle............................................................................................................. ix, x, 92, 107
San Francisco General Hospital............................................................................................................ ix
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges................................................................................................... 95
San Ignatio............................................................................................................................................................. 78
San Jacinto................................................................................................................................................. 69, 70, 72
San Joaquin........................................................................................................................................................... 112
San Jose............................................................................................................................................................... 36, 67
San Juan..................................................................................................................................................................... 80
San Luis Rey......................................................................................................................................... 69, 70, 71, 78
San Luis Rey Mission..................................................................................................................................... 93
San Marino................................................................................................................................................................ 92
San Yldefonso........................................................................................................................................................ 80
Sandia........................................................................................................................................................................... 80
sandstone................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Santa Ana......................................................................................................................................................... 105, 111
Santa Clara....................................................................................................................................................... 81, 92
Santa Claus............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Santa Cruz................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Santa Fe............................................................................................................................................................... 80, 81
Santa Fe Railroad......................................................................................................................................... 4, 16
Santa Fe Railway........................................................................................................................................ 79, 112
Santa Fe Telegraph........................................................................................................................................... 39
Santa Monica........................................................................................................................................................... 69
Santa Rosa................................................................................................................................................................. ix
Santo Domingo.................................................................................................................................................. 44, 81
Sather Gate............................................................................................................................................................. 92
scalp................................................................................................................................................................. 31, 34, 59
scalper........................................................................................................................................................................ 59
scalping..................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Scott........................................................................................................................................................................... 110
scout................................................................................................................................................................. 25, 29, 30
scrapbook................................................................................................................................................................... 23
sculptor......................................................................................................................................................... 50, 67, 92
sculpturer.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Seattle.................................................................................................................................................................... 6, 88
Sedgley, George Burbank............................................................................................................................... xi
Sees A White Horse........................................................................................................................................... 30
Senate........................................................................................................................................................................... xii
senatorial................................................................................................................................................................ xii
Seneca..................................................................................................................................................................... 64, 66
sepia............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
Serranno..................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Serrano.................................................................................................................................................................. 69, 72
sesquioxide............................................................................................................................................................. 49
settlers...................................................................................................................................................... xii, 5, 13, 71
Seven-Cows................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Sharp, Joseph Henry........................................................................................................................................ 12
Shawnee...................................................................................................................................................... 64, 65, 72, 85
She-Comes-Out-First........................................................................................................................................ 57
sheep............................................................................................................................................................................. 39
sheepherder............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Sheridan, Philip (Gen.)............................................................................................................................. 29
Shield 56
Shipaulovi................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Shirley Temple..................................................................................................................................................... 93
Shock-o-wah............................................................................................................................................................. 78
Short Teeth............................................................................................................................................................. 59
Shoshone................................................................................................................................................. 4, 9, 33, 73, 74
Shumopavi................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Shupela........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Sichomovi................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Sichumovi................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Siem-o-nada............................................................................................................................................................. 53
Silva....................................................................................................................................................................... 92, 95
Silva, Alfred................................................................................................................................................ 91, 110
silver........................................................................................................................................................... x, 39, 43, 57
silver-smithing................................................................................................................................................... 40
Sioux............................................................. 4, 9, 12, 20, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 55, 56, 57, 60, 66, 67, 72, 77, 104
Sitting Bear........................................................................................................................................................... 34
Sitting Bull's Nephew................................................................................................................................... 29
sketch................................................................................................... 4, 5, 6, 25, 32, 68, 70, 75, 80, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98
skins................................................................................................................................................................. 30, 43, 58
Skyhawk...................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Skyhawk, White Fox........................................................................................................................................... 98
slavery........................................................................................................................................................................ xii
Smalley...................................................................................................................................................................... 5, 6
Smalley, Eugene V.............................................................................................................................................. 5
smallpox epidemic............................................................................................................................................. 49
Smithsonian........................................................................................................................................... 60, 71, 73, 92
Smithsonian Institute................................................................................................................................... 82
Smithsonian Institution.......................................................................................... x, 27, 47, 56, 68, 92, 112
Snake........................................................................................................................................................... 40, 79, 83, 95
Snake Chief....................................................................................................................................................... 49, 50
Snake Chief Ko-pe-ley................................................................................................................................. 105
Snake Clan................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Snake Dance....................................................................................................... 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 68, 78, 79, 80, 83
Snake Dancer........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Snake Dancers........................................................................................................................................................ 48
snowdrifts.................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Soboba..................................................................................................................................................................... 69, 78
Solano........................................................................................................................................................................... 92
soldier.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
song 35
Sonoma..................................................................................................................................................................... 91, 92
South Dakota....................................................................................................................... 29, 33, 55, 56, 57, 66, 72
South Hill Street............................................................................................................................................... 76
Southwest........................................................................................................................... 11, 20, 36, 67, 95, 106, 109
Southwest Museum.............................................................................................................................. 9, 92, 94, 112
Southwestern Art................................................................................................................................................... 67, 106
Spaniards............................................................................................................................................................. 13, 39
Spanish.......................................................................................................................................... 42, 45, 69, 70, 74, 81
spinning..................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Spokane........................................................................................................................................................ 6, 33, 54, 95
Spokane Falls.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
squaw....................................................................................................................... 21, 23, 28, 32, 37, 40, 41, 58, 60, 76
St. Louis World's Fair................................................................................................................................ 15
St. Michaels........................................................................................................................................................... 92
St. Nicholas..................................................................................................................................................... 32, 44
St. Paul....................................................................................................................................................... 4, 7, 49, 85
St. Peter's Episcopal Church.................................................................................................................. x
St. Xavier.......................................................................................................................................................... 30, 31
stagecoach.......................................................................................................................................................... 27, 74
Standing Soldier....................................................................................................................................................... 56, 57
Steamship..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Steckel........................................................................................................................................................................ 77
stenographer........................................................................................................................................................... 81
Stenzel, Franz................................................................................................................................................... 113
Stephen........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Stevenson, Robert Louis............................................................................................................................. 94
Stewart................................................................................................................................................................ 67, 106
Stigler........................................................................................................................................................................ 88
STINKING..................................................................................................................................................................... vii
stockings................................................................................................................................................................... 34
storekeeper............................................................................................................................................................. 45
stories...................................................................................................... 5, 6, 9, 13, 15, 29, 32, 53, 57, 71, 85, 91, 96
story....................................................................................................... 6, 15, 37, 41, 43, 56, 65, 67, 69, 74, 80, 85, 96
Stuart Library of Western Americana........................................................................................... 110
students................................................................................................................................................... 11, 12, 57, 96
studio....................................................... 4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 32, 41, 45, 50, 56, 58, 63, 67, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96
sub-agency................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Sullivan, Susan Marie............................................................................................................................. i, ii, iii
Sum-pum........................................................................................................................................................................ 78
superintendent................................................................................................................................................. 1, 15
surrender................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Sutter St............................................................................................................................................................ ix, 97
sweat............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
sweat bath................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Taber............................................................................................................................................................................. 81
tableland................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Tacoma........................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Taft 104
Tah-ah-rah................................................................................................................................................................ 54
TAJOLE.......................................................................................................................................................................... vii
Tan-goa-dle-teh................................................................................................................................................... 24
Tan-quanale-tch............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Taos 80, 93
taverns........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Tecemseh..................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Techachapi................................................................................................................................................................ 78
Tecumseh..................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Tehachapi Mountains........................................................................................................................................ 74
Tejon............................................................................................................................................................................. 78
Tejon Creek............................................................................................................................................................. 69
Tejon Indians........................................................................................................................................................ 74
Tejon Ranch............................................................................................................................................................. 74
telegram................................................................................................................................................................. 4, 60
Temecula............................................................................................................................................................... 69, 78
Terhune, Albert Payson................................................................................................................................ 92
territory................................................................................................................................................... xi, xiii, 7, 44
Terry, Alfred H. (Gen)................................................................................................................................ 27
Teseque........................................................................................................................................................................ 80
Tewa 44, 67, 72, 80, 103
Tewas............................................................................................................................................................................. 44
The Art of Elbridge A. Burbank........................................................................................................................... 16, 101
The Border...................................................................................................................................................................... xiii
The Craftsman................................................................................................................................................. 67, 105, 106
The Graphic....................................................................................... 13, 15, 49, 50, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 88, 105, 106
The Indian World of Elbridge Ayer Burbank............................................................................................................. 42
The Land of Sunshine..................................................................................................................................... 38
The Life of Edward E. Ayer........................................................................................................................ xii, xiii, 13, 19
The Monthly Illustrator......................................................................................................................................... 16, 105
The Navaho................................................................................................................................................................ 39
The Navajo Blanket......................................................................................................................................... 106
The Skull................................................................................................................................................................... 15
The West in the Life of the Nation.............................................................................................................................. xii
Theodore..................................................................................................................................................................... 94
thesis................................................................................................................................................................... i, iii, 50
Thomas................................................................................................................................................................... 54, 106
Thomas Eakins........................................................................................................................................................ 63
Thomas Gilchrease Institute of American History and Art...................................... 113
Thompson, Ernest Seton................................................................................................................................ 92
thunder.................................................................................................................................................................. 13, 48
Thurber.................................................................................................................... 36, 41, 46, 48, 50, 58, 60, 110, 113
Thurber Art Galleries............................................................................................................................. 33, 48
Thurber's Art Galleries............................................................................................................................. 16
tipi 30, 58, 59
tipis................................................................................................................................................................. 28, 31, 35
Titcomb, Mary.......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Tiwa 80, 81
Todd 4
Toledo Lithograph Company....................................................................................................................................... 16
tomahawk............................................................................................................................................................... 34, 35
Ton-Had-dle-I-C-O............................................................................................................................................. 60
Tonto............................................................................................................................................................................. 72
Tracy, Spencer..................................................................................................................................................... 93
Traphagen, Ethel.................................................................................................................................................. x
Trembles, Willie................................................................................................................................................ 16
Tre-reh-kah............................................................................................................................................................. 53
tribal......................................................................................................................................................... 21, 28, 60, 69
tribe........................................ xi, xii, xiii, 19, 20, 25, 42, 44, 53, 54, 58, 59, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 81, 82, 101
Tribune.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Trimble........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
troops..................................................................................................................................................................... 29, 95
Truesdale................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Tucson..................................................................................................................................................... xii, 13, 111, 113
Tule River................................................................................................................................................................ 73
Turk 93
turkey........................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Turnerian.................................................................................................................................................................. xiii
turquoise............................................................................................................................................................. 43, 87
turquoise necklace........................................................................................................................................... 80
Two-Belly................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Ukia 75
Ukiah....................................................................................................................................................................... 72, 75
Ukiahs........................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Ukies............................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Umatilla..................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Uncle................................................................................... 13, 14, 20, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 41, 42, 49, 50, 63, 66, 91
Union Pacific Railroad.................................................................................................................................. 1
University...................................................................................................................................... 103, 104, 109, 111
University of Arizona................................................................................................................................. 113
University of Arizona Library........................................................................................................... 113
University of Arizona Press................................................................................................................... xii
University of California........................................................................................................................... 92
University of the Pacific.................................................................................................. 9, 109, 110, 112
Utah 54
Ute... 54, 72
Val... 12
Valencia County................................................................................................................................................... 36
valet............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Vallejo's residence........................................................................................................................................ 91
vermillion................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Vicksburg................................................................................................................................................................... 14
village..................................................................................................................................... xi, 16, 37, 44, 46, 49, 69
Villard...................................................................................................................................................................... 5, 6
Villard, Henry....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Villard, Smalley.................................................................................................................................................. 7
Virginia..................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Volk 92
Volk, Leonard.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Wabash............................................................................................................................................................... 16, 60, 63
Wadsworth................................................................................................................................................................... 73
wagon................................................................................................................... 6, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51, 57, 67
Wailaki........................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Wales............................................................................................................................................................. 14, 109, 112
Wall Street Journal...................................................................................................................................... 107
Walpi..................................................................................................................................................... 44, 50, 67, 68, 95
war... xii, 4, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 27, 34, 35, 41, 44, 55, 56, 65, 96
war bonnet................................................................................................................................................................ 29
war bonnets............................................................................................................................................................. 27
war dance................................................................................................................................................. 28, 33, 34, 57
War Department....................................................................................................................................................... xi
war paint....................................................................................................................................................... 29, 34, 35
warfare........................................................................................................................................................................ 59
Warner, Glen........................................................................................................................................................... 93
warrior............................................................................................................................. xiii, 19, 21, 24, 30, 32, 49, 87
warships..................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Washington............................................................................. xiii, 1, 6, 7, 27, 29, 32, 54, 55, 60, 71, 72, 92, 103, 112
Washington D.C.................................................................................................................................................... 32
Washington, D. C............................................................................................................................................. x, 4
Washington, D.C................................................................................................................................................. 56
Washoe........................................................................................................................................................................... 73
waterfall..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
watermelon.......................................................................................................................................................... 16, 78
Waters, Ethel........................................................................................................................................................ 93
Watson........................................................................................................................................................................... 37
weasel........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Weasel Tail............................................................................................................................................................. 58
weave....................................................................................................................................................................... 39, 42
weavers.................................................................................................................................................................. 39, 43
Wells Fargo............................................................................................................................................................... ix
Wells Fargo Express........................................................................................................................................ 74
West 9th Street................................................................................................................................................... 88
West Coast Magazine........................................................................................................................................ 106
western.............................................................................................................................................................. x, 81, 95
Western artist........................................................................................................................................................ x
Westerner................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Westward Expansion, A History of the American Frontier...................................................................................... xi
Wheeler...................................................................................................................................................................... 110
Wheeler, Alice Blanche........................................................................ 4, 11, 20, 29, 31, 85, 87, 88, 111, 112
Wheeler, Homer................................................................................................................................................... 111
Wheeler, Homer E................................................................................................................................................ 4
whiskey........................................................................................................................................................................ 94
White Bull.................................................................................................................................................... 35, 36, 58
White Swan................................................................................................................................................................ 36
White Wolf................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Wickersham................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Wickey........................................................................................................................................................................... 50
widow....................................................................................................................................................................... 53, 64
wife 5, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 58, 63, 64, 66, 67, 76, 78, 85, 86, 87, 91, 109
Wild Bill Hickock............................................................................................................................................. 95
William................................................................................................................................................ 61, 103, 106, 109
William Henry Holmes..................................................................................................................................... 60
Willie........................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Wilson, Marie........................................................................................................................................................ 93
windy............................................................................................................................................................................... ix
wine 16
Winnebago County.................................................................................................................................................. 4
Wintoon........................................................................................................................................................................ 78
Wisconsin................................................................................................................. xi, xiii, 1, 2, 5, 14, 63, 65, 66, 103
Withers, Hane........................................................................................................................................................ 93
WJMAN............................................................................................................................................................................. vii
Wobbers, Inc......................................................................................................................................................... 97
Wolf Robe................................................................................................................................................................... 58
woman................................................................................................................................... 31, 32, 46, 54, 68, 74, 76, 80
women................................................................................................................. 15, 25, 32, 37, 39, 40, 47, 69, 70, 74, 86
works-of-art........................................................................................................................................................... 89
wounded.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
WPA... 94, 97
Wylacki........................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Xavier............................................................................................................................................................... 28, 30, 33
Yachte........................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Yakima........................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Yale 104
Yale University................................................................................................................................................... 74
Yankee........................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Yankton........................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Yates....................................................................................................................................................................... 27, 28
yellow................................................................................................................................. 22, 24, 31, 34, 40, 51, 56, 79
yellowish................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Yerkes Prize........................................................................................................................................................... 15
York xii, 8, 11, 16, 20, 50, 59, 66, 96, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112
Yosemite..................................................................................................................................................................... 98
Young, F.W................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Youngstown.......................................................................................................................................... 65, 83, 107, 111
Youngstown Vindicator Rotogravure................................................................................................. 107
Yuki 75
Yuma 42, 68, 72
Yumas............................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Zia... 80
Zuni 36, 37, 39, 48, 49, 55, 67, 72
Zy-you-mah................................................................................................................................................................ 51
Zy-you-wah................................................................................................................................................................ 51
[1] Nellie Huff was guest at the Manx Hotel and a friend of Burbank's. She had befriended and taken care of him occasionally in the four years prior to his death. The Pony Express XV (April 1949), No. 11, p. 2. The editor of The Pony Express, Herbert Hamlin, was a close friend of Burbank's. He corresponded with him for nearly 20 years, wrote numerous articles about him, and owned a number of his paintings and drawings.
[2] The San Francisco Chronicle, February 7, 1949.
[3] The Pony Express, April 1949, p. 2.
[4] Interview with Dr. August Meier of Menlo Park, California, conducted by Dr. John Kiser by telephone on January 18, 1977. Dr. Meier was the attending physician at Laguna Honda County Nursing Home when Burbank died.
[5] The San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 1949. Dr. Joseph Catton was quoted as the executor of Burbank's will. Dr. Catton had helped get Burbank's release from Napa State Hospital in the 1930's and remained his friend until his death.
[6] The San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 1949.
[7] Although Mrs. Luther Burbank stated that she did not believe Elbridge Ayer Burbank was a relative of her husband, the noted botanist, she did agree to help with the arrangements in case he actually was a relative. Later research did show a relationship.
[8] The San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 1949.
[9] The San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 1949.
[10] The San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 1949.
[11] The Pony Express, April 1949, p. 13. Ethel Traphagen and her husband William R. Leigh, who was a noted western artist and nearly the same age as Burbank, had studied together in Munich, Germany.
[12] The San Francisco Chronicle, March 26, 1949.
[13] The San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 1949.
[14] Letter from E. E. Moore of Mount Olivet Cemetery to Dr. John Kiser, dated September 1, 1978, which indicated "... the cremated remains of Elbridge Ayer Burbank were shipped to: Burpee, Olive {sic} and Company, 420 Main Street, Rockford, Illinois on July 16, 1949. For interment in Forest View Abbey, paid for and arranged by Ex Wife Blanche A. O'Sullivan..."
[15] Encyclopedia Americana, International Edition, 1965 ed., s. v. "Harvard, Illinois." And Illinois State Archives
[16] George Burbank Sedgley, Geneao1ogy of the Burbank Family (Farmington: The Knowlton and McLeary Company, 1928), p. 287. Additional information from Harvard local history records
[17] Ibid.
[18] Encyclopedia Americana, pp. 579-694.
[19] Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion, A History of the American Frontier (New York: McMillan Publishing Company, 1974); p. 397.
[20] Arrell Morgan Gibson, The West in the Life of the Nation, (Lexington: D. C. Heath Company, 1976), pp. 138, 185, 290.
[21] The Pony Express, November 1942, pp. 3-4
[22] Nancy D. W. Moure, Dictionary of Art and Artists in Southern California Before 1930 (Los Angeles: Privately Printed, 1975).
[23] Francis A. Lockwood, The Life of Edward E. Ayer (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1929) and History of McHenry County..., pp. 469-471.
[24] Lockwood, The Life of Edward E. Ayer...
[25] Ibid.; E. A. Burbank, "Geronimo, Chief of the Apaches," The Border, Vol. I, (May 1980), p. 14.
[26] Ernest Royce, ed., Burbank Among the Indians (Caldwell: Caxton Press, 1941); Charles Francis Browne, "Elbridge Ayer Burbank," Brush and Pencil, Vol. 2, (February 1898), pp. 16-35
[27] Chief Joseph "The Younger" the Nez Perce Chief is well chronicled in the annals of Indian history. He was born in Wallowa Valley, Washington. He led his people in one of the most brilliant retreats from the United States Army in the 1870's before surrendering his tribe to prevent their deaths. Over six feet tall, with piercing black eyes, he was an excellent orator and traveled east to meet President James McKinley and later President Theodore Roosevelt.
[28] Sedgley, Genealogy..., p 287.
[29] Emil Carlsen, a painter, was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 19, 1853. He died on January 4, 1931. He was awarded a number of prizes and medals and was a member of The National Institute of Arts and letters.
Felix Elie Regamy was born in Paris, France in 1844, and died in Juan-les-pins, France in 1907. He was an artist-illustrator, engraver and painter of portraits. He became a "Special Artist" in 1871, and was commissioned to do illustrations for Harper's Weekly and Monde Illustre. He worked in the United States from 1874-1876, and did drawings of the Shoshone and Sioux Indians. See Construction Moderne, Vol. 22 (May 1906), p. 384.
[30] Sedgley, Genealogy ..., p. 287.
[31] The Pony Express, March 1966, pp. 5-6. Other issues of this newspaper carried various stories of the artist as he relayed information to the editor, Herbert Hamlin.
[32] Ibid.
[33] Ibid.
[34] Ibid.
[35] Ibid.
[36] Ibid.
[37] Smalley's Magazine, September 1886, pp. 3-9; The Pony Express, January 1943, p. 5.
[38] The Pony Express, March 1966, pp. 4-6.
[39] Ibid.
[40] Ibid.
[41] Although there is no exact quote to this effect, letters written by Burbank in his later years refer to his early schooling in Europe and his desire to become proficient in his work.
[42] Joseph Greenbaum was born in New York, New York, in 1864 and lived in San Francisco and Los Angeles most of his life.
[43] The Pony Express, April 1943.
[44] The Pony Express, January 1943.
[45] Ibid.
[46] Ibid.
[47] Ibid.
[48] Ibid, p. 6.
[49] Ibid; Joseph Henry Sharp was born in Bridgeport, Ohio, in 1859 and died in Pasadena, California in 1953. At 14 years of age he was already studying painting in a school of art and design. He went to Europe in 1881, studied in Antwerp, and went to Munich in 1186 to study. After returning to the United States he did painting in New Mexico and Arizona. In 1901, the United States government commissioned him to build a studio and cabin at the foot of the Custer battlefield in Montana where he painted about 200 of the Indians who were involved in the battle.
[50] Letter of Burbank to his family dated July 26, 1890. In writing home he mentioned that he thought it was rather "queer" that they did not get his account of having gone to see the play. He also mentioned that his other American friends had gone to see the play also. Xeroxed copies of all letters are in the author's possession and are from a number of private and public collections.
[51] Franz Defregger was born in Tirol in 1835 and died in Munich in 1921. Jean Francois "Val" Millet was born near Greville France in 1841 and died in Barbison, France in 1875. He was a very good painter of French peasants. By 1860, Millet had had a major influence on American artists like William Morris Hunt. Karl Bodmer, another American artist was also influenced by him. Millet, in turn, copied Bodmer's sketches giving them the flavor of French peasantry. These paintings were widely exhibited throughout the United States.
[52] Lockwood, The Life of Edward E. Ayer, pp. 178-181.
[53] Ibid.
[54] The Pony Express, January 1943.
[55] Lockwood, The Life of Edward E. Ayer, p. 178-181.
[56] See The Graphic, July 8, 1893 which has a picture of Burbank with goatee and mustache.
[57] Letter of Burbank to his family dated July 26, 1890 from Munich.
[58] Ibid.
[59] Glamorgan is in the southern most section of Wales, part of Great Britain. It is the center for the steel and tinplate industries of that country.
[60] Letter from Burbank to his family dated October 29, 1890 from Cardiff, Wales.
[61] The Pony Express, April 1943.
[62] The Pony Express, February 1943.
[63] Ibid, p. 6.
[64] Ibid
[65] The Pony Express, April 1943.
[66] Ibid.
[67] Browne, "Elbridge Ayer...", pp. 17-35. Browne was born in Natick, Massachusetts in 1859 and died in Waltham, Massachusetts in 1920. He had been a student of Eakins and later served as superintendent of the United States section of fine arts at the Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco in 1915.
[68] The World's Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. It covered 666 acres in Jackson Park which was converted from swampland as a site for the fair by the architect Frederick Olmstead. 150 buildings were designed for the occasion by renown architects and built under the direction of Daniel H. Burnham.
[69] The Pony Express, April 1943.
[70] Ibid.
[71] Everett Maxwell, "The Art of Elbridge A. Burbank," Fine Arts Journal, Vol. 23, (January 1910), pp 3-8.
[72] The Pony Express, April 1943.
[73] Ibid.
[74] Harry C. Jones, The Monthly Illustrator for the Third Quarter of 1895 (New York: Harry C. Jones, 1895), pp. 102-103.
[75] Browne, "Elbridge Ayer Burbank", p. 174
[76] Lockwood, The Life of Edward E. Ayer, p. 178.
[77] Ibid. George Catlin was born in 1796 and died in 1872. In addition to his work among the Indians, also did landscape of the flora and fauna that were part of the environment of the Indians. Karl Bodmer was born in Switzerland in 1809 and died in France in 1893. His early training was in Paris and he had gone with Prince Maximillian on his expedition into the American West to explore. Their expedition was one of the best recorded during this period. Bodmer canp1eted over 81 paintings of wildlife and of Indians of various tribes which were illustrations for the journals kept by these Europeans.
[78] Royce, Burbank Among ..., p. 17.
[79] Lockwood, The Life of Edward E. Ayer, p. 180.
[80] The Pony Express, April 1943.
[81] Ibid.
[82] Ibid.
[83] Royce, Burbank Among ..., pp. 17-20.; Letter from Burbank to his wife Blanche dated March 9, 1897.
[84] Many general works have been written about the Apache Indians. See S. M. Barrett, ed., Geronimo, His Own Story (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971).
[85] Letter from Burbank to his wife Blanche dated March 9, 1897.
[86] Letters from Burbank to his wife Blanche dated March 9, 1897 through November , 1897.; Royce, Burbank Among ..., pp. 17-39.
[87] Ibid., pp. 20-39.
[88] Ibid, pp. 185-191; Letter from Burbank to his wife dated March 9, 1897.
[89] Ibid.
[90] Royce, Burbank Among ..., pp. 191-195.
[91] Ibid, pp. 34-39.
[92] Ibid, pp. 34-40.
[93] Royce, Burbank Among ..., p. 38.
[94] Ibid., pp. 38-39
[95] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated March 9, 1897. Naiche, whose birth date is unknown, was the son of Cochise and regarded as the hereditary Apache Chief.
[96] Royce, Burbank Among..., pp. 186-292; Letter from Burbank to his wife dated March 9, 1897.
[97] Henry F. Farny was born in France in 1847 and died in Ohio in 1916. He is recognized as another important painter of Indian portraits and western life. His family fled from France and came as political refugees to Pennsylvania in 1853. He studied art in Austria, Italy and Germany returning to the United States in 1881. Much of his work was published in Century Magazine and Harper's Weekly.
[98] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated March 9, 1897.
[99] Ibid.
[100] Ibid.
[101] Letter from Burbank to his family, undated, which was probably written about 1897. Its contents are a recap of his itinerary from Oklahoma into the Sioux country.
[102] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated June 30, 1897 from the Custer Hotel at Bismarck, North Dakota. Rain-In-The-Face was born about 1835 and died in 1905. He was a Hunkpapa Sioux war chief who led his warriors in many battles against the white man including the celebrated Battle of the Little Big Horn.
[103] Ibid.
[104] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 2, 1897 from the Crow Agency. Fort Yates was opened in 1878 and occupied until 1903 when it was abandoned and replaced by posts that were more strategically located.
[105] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 4, 1897 from Dutch (sic, should be Ditch) Camp, Montana.
[106] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated August 14, 1897.
[107] Ibid.
[108] Ibid.
[109] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated June 30, 1897 from the Custer Hotel.
[110] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 2, 1897 from the Crow Agency.
[111] Ibid.
[112] Ibid.
[113] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 4, 1897.
[114] Letter from Burbank to his waife (sic) dated July 8, 1897 from St. Xavier, Montana.
[115] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 15, 1897 from St. Xavier, Montana.
[116] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 20, 1897 from St. Xavier, Montana.
[117] Ibid.
[118] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 25, 1897 from St. Xavier, Montana.
[119] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 29, 1897 from the Crow Agency.
[120] Ibid.
[121] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated July 11, 1897 which is only partially readable.
[122] Royce, Burbank Among..., pp. 146-163.
[123] Ibid, pp. 146-171. Chief Plenty Coups who was born about 1849 died in 1932. He was a noted Mountain Crow warrior who never fought against the white man and earned his name during his youth by performing 80 feats of valor during combat. In 1876 he was the leader of General George Crook's Indian scouts during the campaigns against the Sioux. During World War II (sic - should be I - notice date of death), he urged his young men to join the United States Armed Forces.
[124] Royce, Burbank Among ..., pp. 146-163.
[125] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated August 28, 1897 from the Crow Agency.
[126] Ibid.
[127] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated August 14, 1897 from Montana.
[128] Ibid.
[129] Ibid.
[130] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated September 21, 1897 from Lame Deer, Montana via Rosebud, Montana.
[131] Ibid.
[132] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated September 26, 1897 from Rosebud, Montana.
[133] Ibid.
[134] Ibid. American Horse was from the Pine Ridge area and was an Oglala Sioux - His father was Sitting Bear and his father-in-law was Red Cloud, a Cheyenne.
[135] Ibid.
[136] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated September 28, 1897 from Lame Deer, Montana.
[137] Ibid.
[138] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated October 3, 1897 from Lane Deer, Montana.
[139] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 3, 1897 from Laguna Mountains. Two Moon was the name of two prominent chiefs who were active warriors in the 19th century. This particular Two Moon was born in 1847 and died in 1917. He took an active part with the Indian forces at the Little Big Horn when Custer attacked. He also played a major role in leading his people in the defeat of the Seventh Cavalry forces. Later, he described the famous battle to the writer Hamlin Garland who published the narrative in McClure's Magazine in 1898.
[140] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 10, 1897 from Laguna, New Mexico.
[141] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 13, 1897 from Laguna, New Mexico.
[142] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 15, 1897 from Laguna, New Mexico.
[143] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 18, 1897 from Gallup, New Mexico.
[144] Browne, "Elbridge Burbank..."
[145] Clyde Kluckhohn and Dorothea Leighton; The Navaho (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1962).
[146] Ibid.
[147] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 18, 1897 from Gallup, New Mexico.
[148] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 21, 1897 from Ganado, Apache Country, Arizona.
[149] Ibid.
[150] Ibid.
[151] Ibid.
[152] Ibid.
[153] Ibid.
[154] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 23, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[155] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 25, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[156] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated November 30, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[157] Ibid.
[158] Ibid.
[159] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 3, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[160] Ibid.
[161] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 5, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[162] Ibid.
[163] Ibid.
[164] Ibid.
[165] Ibid.
[166] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 8, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[167] John Kiser, M.D., "The Indian World of Elbridge Ayer Burbank," Manuscript, 8pp. n.d.
[168] Ibid.
[169] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 8, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[170] Ibid.
[171] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 11, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona. The Hopi villages were east of Keams Canyon. When the Hopi reservation was established in 1882, the canyon was placed in the southeast corner of a tract which contained 2,920 square miles. Thomas Varker Keam was 29 years old when he settled in the canyon about 1875. He believed this was an ideal place to establish a cattle ranch. He filed a claim on 640 acres, hoping to increase the acreage later. When the reservation was established that enclosed his ranch his hopes were gone.
[172] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 5, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[173] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 11, 1897 from Ganado, Arizona.
[174] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 14, 1897 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[175] Ibid.
[176] Edward P. Dozier, Hano, A Tewa Indian Ceremony in Arizona (San Francisco: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), the maps at the beginning of the book are particularly helpful.
[177] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 14, 1897 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[178] Ibid.
[179] Ibid.
[180] Ibid; Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 21, 1897 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[181] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 18, 1897 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[182] Ibid.
[183] Ibid.
[184] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 21, 1897 from Kearns Canyon, Arizona.
[185] Ibid.
[186] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 26, 1897 from Kearns Canyon, Arizona.
[187] Ibid. Burbank did not often name the different Indians whose portraits he painted. The names given in this manuscript are assumed from the various inventories from the libraries and institutions which now have some of the paintings. The dates on the paintings have been coordinated with Burbank's letters.
[188] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated December 30, 1897 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[189] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated January 3, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[190] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated January 6, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[191] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated January 10, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[192] Ibid.
[193] Ibid. Burbank used the word cava1erish (sic) although it wou1d seem he did not know the meaning of the word and really meant sloppy.
[194] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated January 12, 1898 from Kearns Canyon, Arizona.
[195] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated January 23, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[196] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated January 23, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[197] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated February 3, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona; "Famous Snake Chief Ko-pe-ley," The Graphic, May 14, 1910.
[198] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated February 3, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[199] Royce, Burbank Among . . .
[200] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated February 13, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona. Hermon Atkins MacNeil was born in Massachusetts in 1866 and died in New York in 1947 after achieving considerable success as a sculptor of Indian subjects. Until 1888, he worked as a drawing instructor at Cornell University and taught at the Pratt Institute. He then went to Paris to study and returned to the United States to work on sculptures for the World Columbian Exposition in 1893. Because of a dislike for standard studio models, he made trips to the west to study the Indians.
[201] Letter from Burbank to his wife dated February 28, 1898 from Keams Canyon, Arizona.
[202] Even by taking the various inventories available, it was impossible to accurately pinpoint all of Burbank's travels and trips. Only about 2/3 of the paintings are dated and some were done from other painting and sketches. It was possible to generalize at least after putting hundreds of pictures in order much of his movement. Newspaper stories, magazine articles and the book dictated by the artist were very helpful, although the book was not done in any chronological order. It would be impossible to compile a complete inventory of all the artist's works since many of them are in private collections and some are unaccounted for.
[203] Royce, Burbank Among...
[204] 3. Ibid, pp. 114-117.
[205] 4 Ibid, pp. 114-117; pp. 192-196.
[206] Ibid, pp. 175-184; The Pony Express, November, 1947.
[207] Ibid.
[208] Ibid.
[209] Browne, "Elbridge Ayer..."
[210] Royce, Burbank Among ... pp. 126-146.
[211] Ibid.
[212] Ibid.
[213] Ibid.
[214] Ibid.
[215] Ibid.
[216] Ibid, pp. 164-174.
[217] Ibid.
[218] Ibid; Also, see Mari Sandoz, American Epic: Cheyenne Autumn (New York: Discus Books, 1964), pp. 213-221.
[219] Royce, Burbank Among ...
[220] Ibid.
[221] Ibid.
[222] Folio advertising the Burbank Exhibit, copy in file of Dr. John Kiser.
[223] Letter from Burbank to Professor William Henry H. Holmes dated November 18, 1899. Holmes was an art director by profession. He was born in Ohio in 1846 and graduated from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He was a school teacher, geologist, and curator for the National Museum, and National Art Gallery. He died in 1933.
[224] Royce, Burbank Among ...
[225] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated July 10, 1900 from Chicago, Illinois.
[226] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated August 18, 1900 from Harvard, Illinois.
[227] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated September 15, 1900 from Kenosha, Wisconsin.
[228] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated October 17, 1900 from Rockford, Illinois.
[229] Letter from Burbank, n.d. from Hotel Kerfoot, E1 Reno, Oklahoma.
[230] Stroud Oklahoma is 34 miles north northeast of Shawnee.
[231] Royce, Burbank Among ...
[232] Letter from Burbank to Mr. Butler dated February 11, 1902 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
[233] Correspondence from the Butler Institute in Youngstown, Ohio to Dr. John Kiser. There is an index to the permanent collection of the Institute which lists by date painted, a large collection of Burbank's works.
[234] Advertisement in Brush and Pencil, January, 1901.
[235] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated July 27, 1902 from Delevan Lake , Wisconsin.
[236] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated November, 1902 from the Rosebud Agency.
[237] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated February 11, 1903 from the Rosebud Agency.
[238] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated May 19, 1903 from the Rosebud Agency.
[239] (Robert) Stewart Culin was a museum director and curator. Born in 1858, he served with distinction as the director of several eastern museums. He made a number of scientific expeditions to Japan, Korea, China and India. He died in 1929.
[240] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated December 27, 1904 from Po1acca, Arizona.
[241] Joseph Jacinto Mora was born in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1876 and died in Monterey, California in 1947. Renowned as a painter, sculptor, illustrator, muralist, and author, he graduated from Pingry Academy in New Jersey. He worked as an artist for Boston newspapers until 1900 when he went to Mexico and then returned to San Jose, California. From 1902 to 1907, he lived with the Hopi and the Navajo, learned their languages, and painted an ethnologica1 record of their customs. He established his studio in Monterey. For a good story of the friendship that developed between Mora and Burbank, see Tyrone H. Stewart, "Jo Mora: Photographs 1904-1907," Southwestern Art, Winter 1977-1978, pp. 30-39.
[242] Letter from Burbank to Professor Holmes dated March 1, 1905 from Po1acca, Arizona.
[243] Sacaton has long been the headquarters for the Pima Indian Reservation, located in Pinal County, Arizona. Letter from Burbank to Professor Holmes dated April 4, 1905 from Po1acca, Arizona.
[244] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated April 26, 1905 from Sacaton, Arizona.
[245] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated June 1, 1905 from Agua Caliente, California.
[246] Royce, Burbank Among ..., pp. 108-125.
[247] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated December 4, 1905 from Coachella, California.
[248] Letters from Burbank to Hubbell dated October through November 1905 from Banning, San Jacinto, and other places in California. The date and signatures on various paintings also suggest his travels to these places.
[249] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated December 14, 1905 from Valley Center, California.
[250] Ibid.
[251] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated January 15, 1906 from Valley Center, California.
[252] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated February II, 1906 from Mesa Grande, California. Edward Harvey Davis lived in San Diego California, during the early 1900's. He collected a variety of Indian artifacts as a hobby.
[253] Letter from Burbank to Professor Holmes dated February I, 1906 from Mesa Grande, California.
[254] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated February 2, 1906 from Mesa Grande, California.
[255] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated March 26, 1906 from Carson City, Nevada.
[256] Letter from Burbank to Professor Holmes dated March 31, 1906 from Wadsworth, Nevada.
[257] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated May 3, 1906 from Elko, Nevada.
[258] Letter from Burbank to Professor Holmes dated April 27, 1906 from Elko, Nevada.
[259] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated June 19, 1906 from Elko, Nevada; Royce, Burbank Among the Indians
[260] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated October 24, 1906 from Covelo, California.
[261] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated November 15, 1906 from Arcata, California.
[262] The Graphic, January 12, 1907.
[263] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated January 17, 1906 from Los Angeles, California.
[264] The Graphic, April 6, 1907.
[265] The Graphic, April 20, 1907.
[266] The Graphic, October 20, 1907.
[267] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated October 25, 1907 from Los Angeles, California.
[268] Letters from Burbank to Hubbell dated March 4, 6, 8, 1908 from Los Angeles, California
[269] The Graphic, April 4, 1908.
[270] The Graphic, May 9, 1908.
[271] The Graphic, May 18, 1908; The Los Angeles Times, April 19, 1908.
[272] The Los Angeles Times, September 13, 1908.
[273] Ibid.
[274] Letters from Burbank to Hubbell dated September 3, 4, 13, 1908 from Los Angeles, California
[275] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated September 13, 1908 from Los Angeles, California.
[276] Letter from Burbank dated September 24, 1908 from Los Angeles, California.
[277] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated March 18, 1909 from Laguna, New Mexico.
[278] Royce, "Burbank Among the Indians", pp. 57-87.
[279] The Graphic, May 1, 1909.
[280] The Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1909.
[281] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated August 31, 1910 from Harvard, Illinois
[282] The Los Angeles Times, December 28, 1909; letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated April 29, 1909 from Los Angeles, California.
[283] The Graphic, May 1, 1909.
[284] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated May 3, 8, 26, 1909 from Los Angeles, California
[285] Folio "Special Exhibition of Oil Paintings and Drawings by E. A. Burbank" at Marshall Field and Company, Chicago, Illinois from October 17-29, 1910; Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated July 25, 1910 from Harvard, Illinois.
[286] Letters from Burbank to Hubbell dated December 2, 10, 1910 from Harvard, Illinois.
[287] Letter from Burbank to Hubbell dated January 14, 1911 from Harvard, Illinois.
[288] Letter from Pa Burbank to Lot dated August 5, 1911 from Harvard, Illinois.
[289] Letter from Pa Burbank to Lot dated November 21, 1911 from Harvard, Illinois.
[290] Letter from M. M. Getz dated December 4, 1911.
[291] Letter from Pa Burbank to Blanche dated March 28, 1912 from Harvard, Illinois.
[292] Letters from Burbank to Hubbell dated May 11, 15, 1912.
[293] Letter from Pa Burbank to Lot dated June 10, 1912.
[294] Letter from Burbank to Roman Hubbell dated August 10, 1912 from Harvard, Illinois.
[295] Letter from Blanche to M. M. Getz dated August, 1912 from Harvard, Illinois.
[296] The Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1912.
[297] Letter from Burbank to Dorothy and Roman Hubbell dated February 26, 1912.
[298] Letters from Burbank to R. Hubbell dated February 5, and June 23, 1916 from San Francisco.
[299] The Los Angeles Times, January 4, 1917.
[300] Interview with Dr. A.E. Kiser by Dr. John Kiser on March 8, 1972.
[301] Letter from Burbank to R. Hubbell dated May 14, 1918 from Napa State Hospital, Napa, California.
[302] Interview with Dr. A.E. Kiser by Dr. John Kiser on March 8, 1972.
[303] The letters written by Burbank to Hubbell from San Francisco are sporadic from 1918 through 1934.
[304] Interview with Dr. A. E. Kiser by Dr. John Kiser on March 8, 1972.
[305] Letter of Alfred Silva to Dr. John Kiser dated August 23, 1968 from Bolina, California.
[306] The San Francisco Chronicle, April 30, 1933; December 17, 1933; April 22, 1934; May 27, 1934; March 23, 1942.
[307] Letter from Burbank to Hamlin dated January 19, 1947.
[308] Manuscript Collection, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, California. Scrapbook of various memorabilia collected about Burbank. There are letters, pencil sketches, reviews, pencil drawings, and autographs.
[309] Ibid.
[310] Letter from Burbank to R. Hubbell dated March 11, 1936, from San Francisco, California.
[311] Manuscript Collections of the Southwest Museum and Holt-Atherton Collection.
[312] These two prints are in the collection of the Southwest Museum.
[313] Ibid.
[314] Randall Henderson, "He Painted the Apaches;" Desert Magazine (May 1841), pp. 31-32.
[315] Several issues of The Pony Express contain the correspondence of Burbank and Millet.
[316] The Pony Express.
[317] Letter from Burbank to R. Hubbell dated June 15, 1943, from the Manx Hotel in San Francisco.
[318] Royce, Burbank Among the Indians, 1944
[319] From 1947 until Burbank's death, Herb Hamlin was a close friend. The collection of correspondence and papers are in the manuscript collection of the Holt-Atherton Pacific Center in Stockton.
[320] Royce, Burbank Among the Indians
[321] Everett Maxwell, "The Art of Elbridge A. Burbank," The Fine Arts Journal (January 1910), pp. 3-8